SNC2D0-L

SNC2D0-L

1. Chemistry

   • Periodic table of elements
     • Atomic #
       • appears on the periodic table
       • tells you # of protons and electrons an atom of an element has
     • Atomic Mass
       • Average mass of an atom
       • mass # equal to # of protons and neutrons
     • Atomic Notation
   • Properties and Changes
     • Physical Property
       • describes the physical appearance and composition of a substance
       • Colour, texture, density, smell, solubility, taste,etc
     • Chemical Property
       • describes ability of a substance to change into a new substance
     • Physical Change
       • change that does not produce a new substance
       • can be reversed
     • Chemical Change
       • Cannot be reversed
       • produces a new substance
   • Compounds
     • Ionic
       • formed from 1 or more positively charged ions and 1 or more negatively charged ions
       • Ion symbols
         • Write the symbol of the element and show the ion charge as a superscript
       • Ion names
         • when an element can form 1 type of ion, such as calcium, the ion has the same name as the element
     • Molecular
       • are composed of two or more different non-metals
       • also known as covalent compound
         • bonding in molecules
           • in covalent molecules, there is no transfer of electrons, both share the electrons (Covalent Bonding)
       • Diatomic Molecule
         • consists of only 2 atoms of either the same or different elements (Dioxide)
   • Balanced Chemical Equation
     • HOFBRINCl
     • balance compound first, then elements last
     • Balance hydrogen and oxygen last
     • treat polyatomic ions as a single unit
     • it is okay to use fractions as coefficients
     • describes the law of conservation of mass-which requires the same # of atoms to appear on both sides of the equation
   • Acids and Bases
     • Acids
       • substances that produce H+ ions in aqueous solution
       • aqueous means dissolved in water
       • properties
         • conduct electric current because of the ions
         • taste sour & turn litmus paper red
         • reacted with Fe or Zn, produce H2 gas
         • react with carbonates
         • some are safe to eat like lemons
       • pH Scale
         • pH (0-6)
     • Bases
       • substance that dissociates in water to produce OH-
       • properties
         • slippery
         • taste bitter
         • turn red litmus blue
         • conduct electricity when dissolved in water
       • pH scale
         • pH (8-14)
         • or neutral (pH 7)

2. Physics

   • Light
     • Waves
       • disturbance that transfers energy without transferring matter
       • Properties
         • crest
           • highest point in a wave
         • trough
           • lowest point of a wave
         • rest position
           • when the wave is fully flat
       • Lambda (symbol for wave length)
         • # of cycles/sec= frequency= Hz
         • frequency is inversely related
           • as lambda increases, frequency decreases and as lambda decreases, frequency increases
     • Electromagnetic Spectrum
       • range of electromagnetic waves arranged in order of wavelength or frequency
       • visible light
         • electromagnetic waves the human eye can see
         • visible spectrum
           • continuous sequence of colours that make up white light (ROYGBIV); only energy that humans can see
       • Radio waves
         • largest wavelength, lowest frequency, used by television signals, MRI imaging
       • Microwaves
         • Higher frequency than radio waves, used by microwaves
       • Ultraviolet light
         • carry more energy than visible light, therefore shorter wavelength
       • Electromagnetic Radiation
         • a wave that has both electric and magnetic part, travels at speed of light
     • Speed of Light
       • 3*10^8
     • Ray model of light
       • represented as straight lines known as rays which show the direction that light travels
       • light ray
         • a line on a diagram representing the direction and path that light is travelling
         • geometric optics the use of light rays to determine how light behaves when it strikes an object
   • Reflection
     • Laws of reflection
       • the incident ray, reflected ray and the normal always lie on the same plane
       • angle of reflection, is equal to the angle of incidence
     • Mirrors
       • Concave
         • a mirror whose reflecting surface curves inward
       • Convex
         • a mirror whose reflecting surface curves outwards
   • Total Internal Refraction
     • critical angle
       • angle of incidence that produces an angle of refraction of 90 degrees
     • a phenomenon where the incident light is entirely reflected back from the boundary (no reflection occurs)
     • optical fibres
       • a glass core surrounded by a glass covering with a lower index of refraction

3. Biology

   • Cells
     • Cell cycle
       • Interphase
       • First Growth Phase
       • Synthesis phase
       • Second Growth Phase
       • Mitosis
         • Prophase
         • Metaphase
         • Anaphase
         • Telophase
       • Cytokinesis
   • Tissues
     • Plant tissues
       • Dermal Tissue
         • Epidermal Tissue
           • thin layer of cells covering all non-woody surfaces of a plant
         • Periderm Tissue
           • in woody plants, layer of tissue that produces bark on stems and roots
         • Stomate
           • tiny openings on the underside of the leaf that allow water vapour, carbon dioxide, and oxygen to enter and exit leafs
       • Ground tissue
         • make nutrients through photosynthesis, in the roots they store carbohydrates, in stems they provide storage and support
       • Vascular tissue
         • transports water, minerals and other substances around the plant. 2 types of vascular tissue; Xylem and Phloem
   • Systems
     • Integumentary System
       • When the body is hot, the skin will turn red because blood vessels dilate so that excess heats can be released into the environment
     • Digestive system
       • a tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
       • mouth
       • esophagus
       • Stomach
       • Liver
       • Gull bladder
       • Small intestine
       • Large intestine
       • Anus
     • Circulatory System
       • Heart
       • blood
         • Blood vessels
     • Nervous system
       • stimulates an increase in heart rate
       • brain communicates with body through nervous system
     • Skeletal system
       • exercise causes your bones to become stronger
       • body needs calcium to make and repair healthy bones and vitamin D
     • Muscular system
       • muscles need more oxygen when working out

4. Climate Change

   • Climate is characteristic weather pattern within a region averaged over a long period of time (30 years)
   • 4 factors affect climate change
     • Latitude
     • Elavation
     • Air masses that flow over a region
     • Nearness to a large body of water
   • Biosphere
     • thin layer of earth and has conditions to support life
       • made up of all living things and the physical environment that supports them
   • Atmosphere
     • layer of gases surrounding the Earth. 300 km above
   • Lithosphere
     • Part of the climate system made up of rock, soil and minerals in Earth's crust
   • Hydrosphere
     • part of the climate system that includes all water on and around earth
   • Greenhouse Gases
     • Carbon dioxide
     • Water Vapour
     • Methane gas
     • Nitrous Oxide
   • Natural Greenhouse Effect
     • Radiation from sun
     • atmosphere absorbs some energy
     • rest of energy goes to the surface
     • Thermal energy is reflected back into space
   • Net Radiation Budget
     • Difference between the amount of incoming and out going radiation
     • 30% is reflected into space
     • 30% is absorbed by atmosphere
     • 40% warms earth
     • Earth's Albedo
       • fraction of light that is reflected by the surface of Earth back into space (30% overall)
       • melting ice would decrease albedo and increase global warming
   • Energy Transfer in Atmosphere
     • wind
       • movement of air from high pressure area to low pressure- the sinking and falling of air masses on Earth causes the wind
     • Coriolis Effect
       • the deflection of any object from a straight line path by the rotation of the Earth
   • Global Wind Patterns
     • Convection Currents
       • circular currents in air and other fluids caused by the rising of warm fluid as cold fluid sinks
     • Trade Winds
       • air heats up at the equator and rises and flows to the poles: cold air drops down and travels to the equator to become heated
     • Westerly Winds
       • Hot air from equator cools, sinks, and is pushed westward by Coriolis effect
     • Easterly Wind
       • At poles, sinking cold air is pushed westward
     • Jet streams
       • high Altitude winds travel long distances at high speeds- carry warm moist air producing precipitation or dry air causing dry weather
   • Thermohaline Circulation
     • a 3D pattern of ocean circulation driven by heat, wind and salinity that is an important part of the ocean atmosphere climate system
   • Proxy Record
     • Stores of information in tree rings, ice cores, and fossils that can be measured to give clues to what the climate was in the past
     • Ice cores
       • particles in ice; dust, ashes, salts, pollen
       • snowflakes, hail, glaciers, and pack ice
       • Air bubbles
         • Measure CO2 levels
       • Isotopes
   • Anthropogenic Greenhouse Effect
     • the increased capacity of the atmosphere to absorb thermal energy due to higher concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by humans leading to an increase in the Earth's temperature
   • Global Warming
     • the observed increase in Earth's average annual temperature
   • Mitigation
     • Making something milder or less severe

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