GCSE Geography: Tourism AQA

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Tourism

Global

Tourism Increase:

·

Tourism is

world’s largest Industry worth $500bn in 2007.

·

Leisure accounts

for 75% of all International Travel.

·

Time of fastest

growth in tourism occurred between 2003 – 2008 (before global recession set in) – 684 million – 913

million

·

World Tourism

Organisation predicts there will be about 1.6 bn tourists by 2020.

Why has

Tourism Grown?

Socioeconomic factors:

· Since 1950’s, people have become wealthier, having greater

disposable income.

· Most families have 2 working parents so get more income

· people have Fewer children

· people have More leisure time as companies give more paid

holidays

· Life expectancy has increased so more people are retired

· More variety of holidays for example – ecotourism

Technology Factors:

· Travel has become easier and quicker you can do most

boookings online

· Travel has become cheaper (especially air travel) so more

people can afford to go on holiday abroad.

· Air travel has evolved becoming more efficient and cheaper,

reducing travel times drastically ( no month long trips to australia) (you can

fly and reach there is 20 hours)

Some areas have become

more popular because:

· Improvement in Transport links i.e Middle east.

· More Investment and advertisment

· Infrastructure investment i.e Better hotels

City

attraction:

People are attracted to:

·

Culture (art, museums)

·

Entertainment

·

Shopping

EXAMPLE INCLUDES: Venice:

the boat trips arround the Venetian Lagoon and Gondola Rides along the canals provide tourist a different, relaxing experience to check out the city.

Beach

attraction:

·

Swimming, Fishing, Scuba Diving and Water skiing

·

Examples include the carribean and Thailand

Mountain

attraction:

·

Activities like walking, climbing and skiing.

·

People are attracted by the scenary

·

Example: Alps in Europe and Dolomites in Italy

Tourism as

an Economic Importance:

·

Provides jobs

for locals, which help economy grow. In 2006, the tourims industry created an estimated 2 million jobs

·

Increases income

of other business in region, which supplies the tourims industry e.g farms that

suppy hotels. This also helps the economy to grow. Tourism in france generated 35 billion euro’s.

·

Poorer countires

tend to be more dependent on income from tourism than richer once. Example - UK (Tourism contributes to 3% of GNP) Kenya (contributes 15% of

GNP)

UK Tourism

·

8TH Biggest Tourist destination with

29.2 million oversees visitors in 2011.

·

Foreign tourists spent US $17.2 billion in the

UK.

·

Visit Britain data shows that the

US remains the most-valuable inbound market, with American visitors spending £2.1bn in 2010.

·

Tower of London is

the most visited site in UK

·

In 2007, UK tourism had 1.4 million

people employed and contributed £114 billion to its economy.

·

Popular because of country side

·

Popular because of historical

landmarks (St Paul’s Cathedral) 2nd

·

Popular because of castles and

palaces (Edinburgh castle)

Factors

affecting Tourism:

·

Weather – Bad weather discourages tourist

visiting in the UK . 2007 was one of the wettest summers which saw a dip in

tourism from abroad.

·

World Economy: In recession period, peoplpe

tend to cut back spending such as holidays so fewer people from aborad come.

However another side is that uk residents may choose domestic holdiays over

going away.

·

Exchange Rate – Value of pound in low means

cheaper to visit UK so more people come from abroad.

·

Terrorism and Conflict: People will be less willing to come because

they feel scared. Example include 9/11 where air travel dropped, decreasing

tourism.

·

Major events like olympics – 590,000

visited in July and august 2012.

The

seven stages of tourist development

A graph of Butler’s resort life cycle

model

1.

Exploration -

a small number of tourists visit the area. The area is unspoilt and few tourist

facilities exist.

2.

Involvement -

local people start to provide some facilities for tourists. There starts to

become a recognised tourist season.

3.

Development -

the host country starts to develop and advertise the area. The area becomes

recognised as a tourist destination.

4.

Consolidation -

the area continues to attract tourists. The growth in tourist numbers may not

be a fast as before. Some tensions develop between the host and the tourists.

5.

Stagnation -

the facilities for the tourists may decline as they become old and run down.

The numbers of tourists may decline too.

6.

Rejuvenation -

investment and modernisation may occur which leads to improvements and visitor

numbers may increase again.

7. Decline -

if the resort is not rejuvenated (stage 6) then it will go into decline. People

lose their jobs related to tourism. The image of the area suffers

Mass Tourism and Bahamas

Mass Tourism involves large number of

tourists coming to one country or region. This is usually the development or

consolidation stage of the Butler Model

Impact

Positive

Negative

Economic

· Brings money into local economy.

· Creates jobs for locals and income of industries that supply

tourism

·

2nd home buys cause house prices to go

up.

·

This also means low spending by residents as they

stay abroad.

· Lot of the profit is kept by travel companies, not distributed

into economy

Social

· Tourism provides income which can be used to improve

infrastructure, school and hospitals

· More jobs in areas means less depopulation

· Behavior of some tourists may annoy locals

· Traffic congestion caused by tourists can be inconvenience for

locals

·

Tourism jobs are usually badly paid and seasonal

·

More crime

· Bahamas have

become more Americanised changing the culture

Environmental

· Income from tourism can be reinvested into protecting the

environment i.e put up national parks

·

Tourism means more transport, which means more

emission which means more global warming.

·

Tourism increases litter that causes pollution

(increased sewage in river causes water pollution)

· Tourism can lead

to destruction of habitats (coral reefs)

· Overfishing to feed tourists

Bahamas:

Consolidation stage of Butler model as

it still attracts masses of tourists, yet due to growing negative social and

economic impacts, responses have to happen.

Located in:

·

Atlantic Ocean

·

Near the South East Coast of

USA

·

Near to Tropic of Cancer

·

Gulf of Mexico

·

Once of the richest nations in

the Americas along with USA and Canada

Popular with British and American Tourists who stay for 2 – 3 weeks on

relaxation holidays. All-inclusive packages are popular

People are attracted to do water activities

and sunbathing

60 % of total GDP is due to

tourism

170,000 people are employed in tourism industry

5 million tourists each year

Main Attractions:

Physical:

·

Gold Rock Beach - Rated *1 on

tripadvisor. One of the most scenic beaches perfect for sunbathing and water

activities.

·

·

Thunderball

Grotto, Staniel Cay – Are underwater caves which were

used for the filming of 2 James Bond films. Popular activities include scuba

diving and snorkeling

Human

·

Castaway Cay - Rated *2 on tripadvisor. Island owned by

Disney and has various Disney activities making it popular with young families.

·

Ocean Club Golf Course – One of the most scenic golf courses in the world.

Negative Impact solution:

Problem: Contaminated soil and arsenic

treated lumber, storage tanks and electric transformers along with invasive

plants.

Solution: Baker’s Bay developers have

launched a million dollar remediation program to remove them.

Problem: Cruise Ships and dredging have destroyed

corals

Solution: Near shore environment has been

cleaned up and corals are being transplanted on artificial patch reefs.

Problem: Litter and congestion

Solution: Pubic Transport and litterbins

Problem: No strict environmental

guidelines, no central waste disposal facilities and no multiple docks

along the shore have been put up

Solution: Bahamas Environment, Science

and Technology department has been set up to put solutions to these

impacts.

How they have tried to maintain tourism?

·

Cheap visa $55 for Single

entry visa or $65 for multi entry visa

·

A multimillion-dollar

marketing campaign was planned, followed by the launching of a national

magazine campaign across North America.

·

Upgrade to Nassau

International Airport and Nassau Harbour.

·

An Environmental

Department initiated to manage the impact of pollution and also people don’t

divert away because they think that the Bahamas have lost their charm.

.

Blackpool Case Study

·

Located in North West

England

·

Most popular UK Coastal resort.

·

Attractions include pleasure

beach, Blackpool Tower, 3 Piers like North Pier

·

Donkey rides

Reasons

for growth:

1) Exploration:

Practise of sea bathing in 19th century was becoming fashionable

along with the railway being built in 1846 making it cheaper for the working

class to travel .

2) Involvement:

Workers were given holiday pay and the Tower was built in 1894, a major

attraction

3) Development:

South Shore Fairground began to be advertised in 1905.

4) Consolidation:

During WW2, Blackpool was recognized as one of Europe’s leading coastal

resorts.

From the 1800’s to 1990’s tourism had gone

from nearly none to 17.5 million a year.

5) Stagnation:

After WW2, from 1960’s Blackpool stagnated in tourist numbers due to cheaper

packages abroad.

1990-

1999 Decline:

·

Visitors fell from 17 million

to 11 million

·

1000 hotels closed down

·

300 holiday flats closed

·

Average hotel occupancy fell to

25%

·

Some B&B were charging as

little as £10 a night

Problems

and Solution (Rejuvenation):

Problem

Solution

Out of season unemployment

· Off season events such as conferences (Political Parties) and

festivals being promoted.

· £10 million investment into Blackpool Illumination – lights show

increasing the tourist season into autumn.

Beach and seawater pollution

· Beaches have been cleaned up

· In 2006, 3 beaches were given Blue Flag for clean sea water

Old derelict buildings

Smarten up run down areas which look

unpleasant.

Pulling down old building and landscaping

– more car parks

Cheaper package holiday abroad

New attractions at Pleasure beach. Nickelodeon

land

Unreliable Weather

· More covered areas to protect tourists from weather

Extreme Environment Tourism : Antarctica

Definition:

Tourism, which involves dangerous

landscapes often with a difficult climate and places that are sparsely settled

where access is limited.

Where is it ?

Located in the South Pole with

an area of 14 million km2

of which 98%

is covered with ice.

Where do people mainly come

from?

·

7413

tourists in 1996/97

·

46000+

tourists in 2007/08 O

·

Of which 35.9% came from North

America and 16% from the UK. It attracts mostly MEDC citizens with Australia

being the only one from the south with 7.2% visitors.

Why has caused this

increased?

·

Provide idealist settings for adventure holiday

activities like kayaking and hiking.

·

Some people want to go somewhere different and where

not many people have visited.

·

Some wildlife can only be seen in certain areas.

This includes Emperor Penguins in Antarctica

·

More people have access to information via internet

and advers online

·

People are getting richer and can afford to go on

such expensive holidays.

·

Remained unchanged since the initial exploration.

·

Called the “Last true wilderness”

What are the impacts of

this?

·

It doesn’t get much sunshine in the winter and so

the land ecosystem is very fragile. This also means that it takes them longer

to recover from the damage.

·

The sea ecosystem is also very delicately balanced

so even a little introduction of foreign chemical can be catastrophic.

·

In 2007, MV Explorer was a tourist ship, which

capsized after hitting an iceberg. It held in excess of 190,000 of diesel, 24000 liters of

lubricant and 980 liters of gasoline. Two days later, it was

reported that an oil spillage had happened. This has a massive impact on the

ecosystem as it killed mussels and fish whoch meant that penguins couldn’t eat,

·

Drop litter,

disturb wildlife and trample plants

·

There are fears that tourists could accidentally

introduce non native species and or diseases which could kill native organisms.

What measures have been

taken to reduce this?

Name

What?

L2 Detail

Antarctic Treaty

International Agreement

signed by 47 countries, which came into force in 1961.

April 2009, parties

involved put a cap on tourism in Antarctic,

Signed by 47 countries

Allowing only ships fewer than

500 people + only 100 people on

shore at once.

IAATO – International

Association of Antarctic tour operators has a separate code of conduct which

is voluntary:

·

Waste: Sewage

must be treated biologically and other waste stored onboard ships.

·

Plant: No

walking on plants.

·

Specially

Protected areas where tourists are no allowed.

·

Wildlife:

Animals should not be disturbed

Extreme Environment Tourism: Tataguara Lodge

Definition: Tourism which doesn’t harm

the environment and benefits the local people. This involves two things:

·

Conservation: Protecting and

managing the environment

·

Stewardship: Taking responsibility for conserving

the environment.

Where is it ?

Along

the Brazilian Amazon in the State of Para on the island of Xingu River.

It is owned and operated by a cooperative of 6 local

tribes of indigenous people.

Set up in 1998, and all but 40 of the 1400 members are native.

It has 15 rooms and offers activities like:

·

Fishing

·

Canoeing

·

Forest Walks

·

Wildlife viewing

As it is located in the Amazon it is rich in wildlife and so attracts

many people. It contains many endangered insects and animals like harpy eagle and giant river otter.

Benefits:

What Type?

Key word to remember

How does it help?

Environmental

Local material like straw

and wood found on the ground

These are used to build and maintain the lodge so that means no

deforestation occurs and these naturally blend in with the environment,

reducing the visual damage.

Environmental

Solar power to run lights

Better than using fossil

fuels

Environmental

Food

Locally produced in the

lodge and taken from the environment so no fossil fuels burned by

transportation

Economical

Owned by cooperative of

indigenous tribes

Income goes straight to

local economy

Economic

Local food

Food is locally produced

which means it goes straight back to the economy.

Social ( Locals)

Jobs created

Social (Locals)

Income and preservation of

culture

Villagers from nearby

towns come to sell craft and perform shows which preserves century old

culture

Social (Local)

Profits

These are used to provide

decent healthcare as well as building of schools for thousands of children.

Sustainable Development:

·

Improve

healthcare and education from the profits received. This increases the quality of life of the people who live there.

·

The development is sustainable because the money to do it is generated without damaging the environment –

local people don’t have to find other employment that could damage the

environment i.e logging or cattle ranching

·

Resources are saved for future as fossil fuels

aren’t burned.

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