Anatomy and Physiology

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Vocabulary

Anatomy: Study of structure and relationship between body parts Anatomy: Study of structure and relationship between body parts

Physiology: Study of how those structures work together to keep you alive Physiology: Study of how those structures work together to keep you alive

Homeostasis: Balance of materials and energy that keep you alive

Everyone's cause of death is caused by an extreme and irreversible loss of homeostasis

Histology: Study of tissue Histology: Study of tissue

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4 Primary Tissue Types

Nervous Tissue: Provides us with control and communication

Muscle Tissue: Provides movement

Epithelial Tissue: Cover and protect the body

Connective Tissue: Provides support

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Nervous tissue

Sensing and responding to stimuli

Made of two different cells-Neurons and Glial Cells

Muscles tissues

Can contract and move

3 types of Muscle Tissue

Skeletal: voluntary (think to move)- I.e. leg muscles

Cardiac: involuntary (Moves by itself) found only in the heart

Smooth: involuntary found in the digestive system

Epithelial Tissue

Covers and protects your body

Avascular- doesn't have a blood supply and relies on connective tissue

The name of the tissue is by the types of tissue and how it is layered ( I.e. Stratified squamous)

All Epithelial cells are POLAR i.e. they have distinct sides

2 types of Epithelial Tissue

Proper Epithelium-Covers and lines your inner and outer body and lines body cavities i.e. pelvic cavity

Glandular Epithelium- forms your glands and secretes hormones

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Epithelial Tissue Continued

3 types of Cells

SQUAMOUS cells (flattened shape and flat nucleus, fast absorption and diffusion, making thin membranes).

CUBOIDAL cells (spherical nucleus, cuboidal cell shape, absorb nutrients and produce secretions like sweat).

COLUMNAR cells (Elliptical nucleus, column-shaped cell with hexagonal cross-section, tall, thick & cushion underlying tissues, absorb nutrients and produce secretions).

TYPES OF LAYERING

SIMPLE EPITHELIUM: one layer of cells.

STRATIFIED: Multiple layers set up on top of each other, like bricks.

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED: Mostly one layer but formed with cells of different shapes and sizes. The cell's nuclei can be at a lot of different levels (i.e. they don't lie on the same plane- different heights). So it looks like multi-layered.

GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM

Forms two different types of glands:

ENDOCRINE glands (secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream or to nearby cells)

EXOCRINE glands (secrete their juices into tubes or ducts that lead to the outside of the body

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Connective tissue

Function: supporting organs and cells, transporting nutrients and wastes, defending against pathogens, storing fat, and repairing damaged tissues

All come from Mesenchyme- An embryotic tissue that can be formed anyway and can move

Different degrees of Blood flow ex. Cartilage has no blood vessels and connective tissue in your skin has lots of blood vessels

Most connective tissue is made of nonliving Materials called extracellular Matrix which is made of 2 components- ground substance (rubbery unstructured material that fills in the gaps in between cells and protects them) and fibers which provide support to the ground substance and has different types collagen fibers- the strongest and most abundant type, elastic fibers- longer and thinner and form the framework of the matrix made of elastin protein, reticular fibers with an extra coating of glycoprotein and cradle and support your organs like nets

4 types of Connective tissue

Proper

Made Loose and Dense

Loose Connective tissue

Areolar (most common type of Connective tissue)

Reticular fiber (like Areolar but made of reticular fibers provides the soft framework many organs)

Adipose (fat made mostly of cells called adipocytes

Loose Connective tissue have lots of ground substance. the elastin helps skin come back to place while collagen helps anchor

Dense Connective Tissue

Regular ( great for handling force when force is going in one direction it is in you ligaments and joints

Irregular (great for handling force when it in going all different direction it is in your dermis under you skin

Elastic (great for your joints and here you want to be flexible it is your spine)

Dense Connective tissue have lots collagen which makes it hard to chew and very stiff

Cartilage

does not have any blood and nerves

it can stand against tension and compression

Made of 3 different types

Hyaline (clear/glasslike tissue and adds support it is in your ribcage and sternum and in your nose)

Elastic l(like Hyaline but more elastin fibers base of your outer ear)

Fibro(acts like a shock-absorber and in the disks in your spine

Bone

Spongy (it in the heads of long bones and in the inner layer of flat bones like sternum strong bot porous and makes and stores bone marrow

Compact (dense with no visible holes forms the external layer of bones)

Blood

main job is to transport stuff to parts of your body

Cell Types

Immature

All immature cells end with the suffix -blast

All Immature cells are stem cells

Secrete ground substance and fibers to make the matrix

Mature

Immature cells turn into mature cells and now with -cyte

maintain the health of the matrix sometimes can change back to immature to fix damages

Immune cells

Macrophages

Leukocytes

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THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Skin

the skin has 3 layers

Epidermis

The only layer you can see and is made of stratified squamous tissue

most of your Epidermis is made of keratinocytes which make keratin

Dermis

Does most of the work (feeling thing and circulation of blood

Hypodermis

Made of fat tissue acts like a cushion