Geo

Seite 1

Population

1804 - world population stood at 1 billion

2012 - world population stands at 7 billion because of FALL IN DEATH RATE

Population is expected to slow down because of the recent FALL IN BIRTH RATE

UN predicts the population will be at 10 billion by 2100

GLOBAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION = UNEVEN

Large numbers of people in NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

- most densely populated is South east Asia

- China (1.3 billion)

- India (1.1 billion)

- NICS

- BRICS

Natural Increase - birth rate is higher than the death rate so it has a natural increase

Natura decrease - birth rate is lower than the death rate so it had a natural decrease

PYRAMIDS

- show changes in birth and death rates

- bottom gets narrower as birth rate decreases

- top gets wider when death rate increases

- YOUNG DEPENDANTS (0-15 years)

- ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE (16-64 years)

- ELDERLY DEPENDANTS (65 years+)

CASE STUDY - JAPAN

average age = 44

no of retired = 26.8 million

no of people over 100 = 26,600

- 20.8% are aged 65 or over

- birth rate below replacement level

- life expectancy increasing

- healthy diet and lifestyle

- birth rate declining

- marriage rates decreasing

- raised retirement age

- increasing costs of medical care

- increase in costs of pensions

CASE STUDY - MEXICO

average age = 26

% of young dependants = 31%

fertility rate = 7.1 children per female

- 31% under 15

- grown by 50 million in 40 years

- low death rate at 4.78 per 1000

- falling birth rate

- take 50 years to loose its youthful population

- major need for school places

- major competition for work

- growing manufacture industry

- strong catholic religion

UK

- ageing population

- difficulty for transport

- living alone

- high costs of residential homes

- sell homes to pay for care

- fear of crime

- long waits for hospital appointments

PRO NATALIST POLICY - ENCOURAGE TO HAVE CHILDREN - SINGAPORE

ANTI NATALIST POLICY - DISCOURAGE TO HAVE CHILDREN - CHINA

CASE STUDY CHINA

- encouraged to add to army - 55 million increase

- population too large to feed

- 1979 one child policy - had to apply for a child

- free education, priority housing, family benefit

- paye a years wage fine for having more than one

- backstreet abortions

- persistent offenders sterilised

- parents killed girls

- 2 children for farming jobs

- 2 children if one is disabled

- birth rate halved

- more males than females

- not enough workers for the future

CASE STUDY SINGAPORE

- 1960s policy to reduce birth rate introduced

- had a ageing population

- "have three or more - if you can afford it"

- incentives for more than 2 children

- tab rebates

- cheap nurseries

- access to best schools

- spacious apartments

- discourage abortion and sterilisation

- immigration policy

Open door - allows anyone to live in the country - eu countries

Quotas - restricts number of people allowed into a country per year

Skills test - immigrants have to pass a skills test

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Seite 2

Consuming Resources

renewable - renew themselves without human management

non renewable - can't be remade

sustainable - managed so they renew themselves

energy - non renewable and renewable

- heating, electricity, transport

- oil, coal, gas, water, sunlight

mineral - non renewable

- manufacture, buildings

- iron ore, diamond, stone

physical - renewable

- energy

- water, wind, sunlight

biological - sustainable

- food production, energy

- biofuels, wheat, timbre

CASE STUDY - UK WIND ENERGY

malthus - pessimist

- population = geometrically

- food = arithmetically