ALLH1005 - 1A INTRODUCTION

ALLH1005 - WEEK 1 - 1A INTRODUCTION

Anatomical Positions

Outline

• Anatomy = study structure and relation to other body parts
• Physiology = study of function
• Lumps & Bumps:
• Trochanter, Tuberosity and Tubercle
• condyle
• crest and ridge
• malleolus
• spine and process
• Hollows and others:
• fossa vs foremen
• shaft
• trochlea
• eminence
• head
• neck
• anatomical
• surgical
• Terminology:
• types of structures
• different movements
• positions of body parts
• pathological conditions
• Body Systems:
• Circulatory
• Digestive
• Endocrine
• Integumentary
• Lymphatic
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Urinary
• Renal
• Reproductive
• Respiratory
• Skeletal

Movement and Directional Terms

Cells: Table and Diagram

Plasma Transport

• 
• Bildunterschrift: Plasma Transport Table

Cell Junction Diagram

• 
• Bildunterschrift: Cell Junctions are a specialized area of the plasma membrane that attach a cell to another cell or to extracellular materials. Function: Attach the plasma membrane of one cell to another cell or to extracellular materials. This allows cells to form tissues.

Cell Junctions Types: Tight Junctions

• 
• Formed by fusion of the outer layers of two plasma membranes prevent
• passage of fluids and solutes between adjacent cells.
• e.g. in the digestive tract prevent enzymes and acids from leaking between cells.

Cell Junctions Types: Gap Junctions

• 
• Two cells are held together by two interlocking transmembrane proteins called connexons.
• Connexons permit free diffusion of ions and small molecules between cells.
• this allows for rapid intercellular communication.
• e.g., coordination of contractions in cardiac and smooth muscle tissue.

Cell Junctions Types: Desomosomes

• 
• 
• Bildunterschrift: Attach a cell to an adjacent cell or extracellular structures. Resist stretching and twisting. E.g. common in superficial layers of skin, which peel off as sheets.
• Bildunterschrift: Formed by two cells. Desmosomes have a dense area, which is connected to the cytoskeleton. This gives it strength.

Tissue Types and Epithelium Tissue

• Tissue Types:
• Epithelial - covers body surfaces, lines cavities and tubular structures, and forms glands.
• Connective - fills internal space, provides structural support for other tissues, transports materials and stores energy reserves.
• Muscle - specialized for contraction and includes the skeletal muscles, the muscle of the heart, and muscular walls of hollow organs.
• Nervous - carries information through electrical impulses.
• Functions:
• Provide physical protection - protect from abrasion, dehydration and destruction by chemical or biological agents.
• Control permeability - any substance that enters or leaves your body must cross an epithelium.
• provide sensation - sensitive to stimulation due to large sensory nerve supply.
• Produce specialized secretions - Epithelial cells that produce secretions are called gland cells. Functions:

Epithelium Tissue

• 
• 
• Bildunterschrift: associate the word "squamous" with "scaly;' and the word "stratified" with "stratosphere;' an upper layer of Earth's atmosphere.

Tissue Types

Tissue Types

Tissue Types

Connective Tissue

• Functions:
• Connects Epithelium to rest of body
• Bone provides structural support
• Fat stores energy reserves
• Blood Transport materials throughout the body
• Structure:
• Consists of two basic elements:
• cells
• extracellular matrix
• fibres (protein)
• ground substance (fluid)
• Classification:
• Connective Tissue proper (has many cell and fibre types)
• Loose
• Areolar
• Adipose (i.e., fat)
• Reticular
• Dense
• Dense regualr (e,g, tendons, ligaments)
• Dense irregular (found in the dermis of the skin)
• Elastic
• Fluid connective tissues
• Blood
• Lymph
• Supporting connective tissues
• Cartilage
• Bone

Adipose Tissue (Fat)