Quiz
Endocrine System Review
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1Which organ is considered a "neuroendocrine" organ? [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end]
- Ahypothalamus
2Which organ system works with the endocrine system to control or regulate body function?
[blank_start]nervous system[blank_end]- Anervous system
3The endocrine system controls, regulates, and maintains [blank_start]homeostasis[blank_end]
- Ahomeostasis
4What glands have both exocrine and endocrine functions? [blank_start]pancreas[blank_end], [blank_start]gonads[blank_end], [blank_start]placenta[blank_end]
- Apancreas
- Bgonads
- Cplacenta
5[blank_start]Hormones[blank_end] - travel in blood or lymph over long distances
[blank_start]Autocrines[blank_end] - exert effects on same cells that secrete them
[blank_start]Paracrines[blank_end] - affect local cells but not those that secrete them- AHormones
- BAutocrines
- CParacrines
6Autocrines and Paracrines are considered part of the endocrine system
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
7What are the three types of chemical messengers?
[blank_start]hormones[blank_end], [blank_start]autocrines[blank_end], [blank_start]paracrines[blank_end]- Ahormones
- Bautocrines
- Cparacrines
8Which cells are affected by hormones?
- Aorgan cells
- Btissue cells
- Cneural cells
- Dtarget cells
- Emuscle cells
- Fall cells
9What are the two main chemical classes of hormones?
[blank_start]amino acid-based[blank_end]
[blank_start]steroids[blank_end]- Aamino acid-based
- Bsteroids
10What chemical class are most hormones?
- Aamino acid-based
- Bsteroids
11Steroids are synthesized from [blank_start]cholesterol[blank_end].
- Acholesterol
12Gonadal (sex) hormones and Adrenocortical hormones are considered what chemical class? [blank_start]steroid[blank_end]
- Asteroid
13Hormones circulate through blood to all body cells, but only cells with [blank_start]receptors[blank_end] for a specific hormone will respond to that hormone.
- Areceptors
14The two mechanisms of hormone action are [blank_start]water[blank_end]-[blank_start]soluble[blank_end] hormones and [blank_start]lipid[blank_end]-[blank_start]soluble[blank_end] hormones.
- Awater
- Bsoluble
- Clipid
- Dsoluble
15All amino-acid based hormones except thyroid hormone are [blank_start]water-soluble hormones[blank_end].
- Awater-soluble hormones
- Blipid-soluble hormones
- Cautocrine hormones
- Dparacrine hormones
16Steroids and thyroid hormones are [blank_start]lipid-soluble hormones[blank_end].
- Alipid-soluble hormones
- Bwater-soluble hormones
- Cparacrine hormones
- Dautocrine hormones
17Characterize the Nervous System vs. Endocrine System:
messenger: [blank_start]electrochemical impulses[blank_end] vs. [blank_start]chemical messengers[blank_end]
response time: [blank_start]quick[blank_end] vs. [blank_start]slow[blank_end]
duration of response: [blank_start]short[blank_end] vs. [blank_start]long[blank_end]
target location: [blank_start]local[blank_end] vs. [blank_start]distant[blank_end]- Aelectrochemical impulses
- Bchemical messengers
- Cchemical messengers
- Delectrochemical impulses
- Equick
- Fslow
- Gslow
- Hquick
- Ishort
- Jlong
- Klong
- Lshort
- Mlocal
- Ndistant
- Odistant
- Plocal
18Synthesis/release of most hormones is controlled by [blank_start]negative[blank_end] feedback mechanism.
- Anegative
19Amino acid hormones (except thyroid hormones) bind to [blank_start]receptors[blank_end] in the plasma membrane and then act via intracellular [blank_start]second[blank_end] messengers. This is called the [blank_start]Cyclic[blank_end] [blank_start]AMP[blank_end] [blank_start]signaling[blank_end] mechanism.
- Areceptors
- Bsecond
- CCyclic
- DAMP
- Esignaling
20Cyclic AMP signaling mechanism steps
1. [blank_start]Hormone binds to membr. receptor[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Recptr binds & actv G protein @ cell mem[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]G protein actv. adenylate cyclase[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]Adenylate cyclase conv ATP to cyclic AMP[blank_end]
5. [blank_start]cAMP activates protein kinases[blank_end]
6. [blank_start]Protein kinases phosphorylate proteins[blank_end]- AHormone binds to membr. receptor
- BRecptr binds & actv G protein @ cell mem
- CG protein actv. adenylate cyclase
- DAdenylate cyclase conv ATP to cyclic AMP
- EcAMP activates protein kinases
- FProtein kinases phosphorylate proteins
21The Cyclic AMP signaling mechanism has a [blank_start]hormone[blank_end] first messenger and a [blank_start]cAMP[blank_end] second messenger.
- Ahormone
- BcAMP
22The cyclic AMP signaling mechanism starts with a [blank_start]hormone[blank_end] (first messenger) binding to a [blank_start]membrane[blank_end] receptor. The receptor binds and activates [blank_start]G protein[blank_end] at the cell [blank_start]membrane[blank_end]. This activates [blank_start]adenylate cyclase[blank_end] (enzyme), which converts ATP to [blank_start]cyclic AMP[blank_end] (second messenger). The second messenger activates [blank_start]protein kinases[blank_end] which then [blank_start]phosphorylate[blank_end] proteins.
- Ahormone
- Bmembrane
- CG protein
- Dmembrane
- Eadenylate cyclase
- Fcyclic AMP
- Gprotein kinases
- Hphosphorylate
23In the cyclic AMP signaling mechanism, each adenylate cyclase generates [blank_start]many[blank_end] cAMP molecules which then activates protein kinases which phosphorylates [blank_start]many[blank_end] proteins triggering a [blank_start]cascade[blank_end] of chemical reactions called the [blank_start]amplification[blank_end] effect.
- Amany
- Bmany
- Ccascade
- Damplification
24Action of cAMP is brief because it is rapidly degraded by enzyme [blank_start]phosphodiesterase[blank_end].
- Aphosphodiesterase
25It is OK for cAMP to be broken down because of the [blank_start]amplification effect[blank_end].
- Aamplification effect
26Intracellular receptors and direct gene activation steps:
1. [blank_start]Diffuse into target cells[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]bind to and actv. intracellular receptor[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Recp-horm complex enters nucleus[blank_end] &
[blank_start]binds to specific region of DNA[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]Binding to DNA "turns on" a gene[blank_end]
[blank_start]initiates transcription of DNA to mRNA[blank_end]
5. [blank_start]mRNA exits nucleus & binds to ribosomes[blank_end]
6. [blank_start]mRNA is translated[blank_end]
[blank_start]directs protein synthesis on ribosomes[blank_end]- ADiffuse into target cells
- Bbind to and actv. intracellular receptor
- CRecp-horm complex enters nucleus
- Dbinds to specific region of DNA
- EBinding to DNA "turns on" a gene
- Finitiates transcription of DNA to mRNA
- GmRNA exits nucleus & binds to ribosomes
- HmRNA is translated
- Idirects protein synthesis on ribosomes
27[blank_start]Thyroxin[blank_end] receptors are found on nearly all cells of body and the hormone is the main regulator of cellular [blank_start]metabolism[blank_end].
- AThyroxin
- Bmetabolism
28Target cell activation depends on the three factors:
1. [blank_start]blood levels[blank_end] of hormone
2. [blank_start]number of receptors[blank_end] on or in the target cell
3. [blank_start]affinity of binding[blank_end] between the hormone and receptor- Ablood levels
- Bnumber of receptors
- Caffinity of binding
29The three types of stimuli that trigger hormone release are:
1. [blank_start]humoral[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]neural[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]hormonal[blank_end]- Ahumoral
- Bneural
- Chormonal
30What is the stimuli?
[blank_start]neural[blank_end] - nervous system fibers stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines in response to stress
[blank_start]humoral[blank_end] - Blood Ca2+ monitored by parathyroid gland (releases PTH when levels are low)
[blank_start]hormonal[blank_end] - hypothalamus hormones stimulate release of most anterior pituitary hormones which then stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones- Aneural
- Bhumoral
- Chormonal
31What is the cycle which inhibits the release of anterior pituitary hormones due to increasing levels of hormones from the final target organs?
[blank_start]hypothalamic[blank_end]-[blank_start]pituitary[blank_end]-[blank_start]target[blank_end] [blank_start]endocrine[blank_end] [blank_start]organ[blank_end] [blank_start]feedback[blank_end] [blank_start]loop[blank_end]- Ahypothalamic
- Bpituitary
- Ctarget
- Dendocrine
- Eorgan
- Ffeedback
- Gloop
32[blank_start]Nervous system[blank_end] can override normal endocrine controls and thus maintain [blank_start]homeostasis[blank_end].
- ANervous system
- Bhomeostasis
33The nervous system will override normal endocrine controls when under [blank_start]severe stress[blank_end]. The [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end] and [blank_start]sympathetic[blank_end] nervous system are activated to override insulin control of blood glucose levels. Blood glucose levels rise to be used if needed during fight-or-flight.
- Asevere stress
- Bhypothalamus
- Csympathetic
34Most hormones circulate in the blood as:
- Afree
- Bbound to protein carrier
35Which hormones circulate bound to a protein carrier?
- Aamino-acid based except thyroid
- Bsteroids and thyroid hormone
36Concentration of circulating hormone reflects the rate of release of the hormone and speed of inactivation and removal from the body.
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
37After hormones have exerted their effects, most hormones are removed from the blood and broken down by the [blank_start]kidneys[blank_end] and [blank_start]liver[blank_end]. The resulting breakdown products are excreted in the [blank_start]urine[blank_end] and [blank_start]feces[blank_end].
- Akidneys
- Bliver
- Curine
- Dfeces
38Only one hormone may act on the same target cell at the same time.
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
39What are the three types of hormone interaction?
1. [blank_start]permissiveness[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]synergism[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]antagonism[blank_end]- Apermissiveness
- Bsynergism
- Cantagonism
40Characterize the following examples:
Glucagon from pancreas and epinephrine from adrenal glands cause liver to release glucose to bloodstream - [blank_start]synergism[blank_end]
Thyroid hormone is necessary for normal development of reproductive structures - [blank_start]permissiveness[blank_end]
insulin lower blood glucose levels while glucagon raises blood glucose levels - [blank_start]antagonism[blank_end]- Asynergism
- Bpermissiveness
- Cantagonism
41The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is connected to the hypothalamus by the [blank_start]infundibulum[blank_end].
- Ainfundibulum
42The posterior pituitary lobe is made of [blank_start]neural[blank_end] tissue containing cells called [blank_start]pituicytes[blank_end]. The anterior pituitary lobe is made of [blank_start]glandular[blank_end] tissue which is a type of [blank_start]epithelial[blank_end] tissue. The tissue contains [blank_start]basophil[blank_end] cells which produce the tropic hormones and [blank_start]acidophil[blank_end] cells which produce non-tropic hormones.
- Apituicytes
- Bneural
- Cglandular
- Depithelial
- Ebasophil
- Facidophil
43The pituitary gland is located in the [blank_start]hypophyseal[blank_end] [blank_start]fossa[blank_end] of the [blank_start]sella[blank_end] [blank_start]turcica[blank_end] of the sphenoid bone.
- Ahypophyseal
- Bfossa
- Csella
- Dturcica
44The posterior pituitary is considered a true endocrine gland
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
45The posterior pituitary lobe connects to the hypothalamus via the [blank_start]hypothalamic[blank_end]-[blank_start]hypophyseal[blank_end] [blank_start]tract[blank_end].
- Ahypothalamic
- Bhypophyseal
- Ctract
46Steps to release hormones from posterior pituitary: The hypothalamic [blank_start]neurons[blank_end] synthesize [blank_start]neurohormones[blank_end]. They are transported down the [blank_start]axons[blank_end] of the [blank_start]hypothalamic[blank_end]-[blank_start]hypophyseal[blank_end] tract to the posterior pituitary and stored in the [blank_start]axon terminals[blank_end]. In response to hypothalamic neurons firing, [blank_start]action potentials[blank_end] arriving at the posterior pituitary cause the release of the [blank_start]neurohormones[blank_end].
- Aneurons
- Bneurohormones
- Caxons
- Dhypothalamic
- Ehypophyseal
- Faxon terminals
- Gaction potentials
- Hneurohormones
47The two neurohormones released by the posterior pituitary are [blank_start]oxytocin[blank_end] and [blank_start]antidiuretic hormone[blank_end] which are [blank_start]amino acid-based[blank_end] hormones.
- Aoxytocin
- Bantidiuretic hormone
- Camino acid-based
48The anterior pituitary lobe is connect to the hypothalamus which is a [blank_start]vascular[blank_end] connection called the [blank_start]hypophyseal[blank_end] [blank_start]portal[blank_end] [blank_start]system[blank_end].
- Avascular
- Bhypophyseal
- Cportal
- Dsystem
49The hypophyseal portal system consists of a [blank_start]primary capillary plexus[blank_end] located in the [blank_start]infundibulum[blank_end], [blank_start]hypohyseal portal veins[blank_end], and a [blank_start]secondary capillary plexus[blank_end] located in the [blank_start]anterior pituitary lobe[blank_end].
- Aprimary capillary plexus
- Binfundibulum
- Chypohyseal portal veins
- Dsecondary capillary plexus
- Eanterior pituitary lobe
50Which gland do the the 6 tropic hormones released from the hypothalamus stimulate?
[blank_start]anterior pituitary gland[blank_end]- Aanterior pituitary gland
51[blank_start]Osmoreceptors[blank_end] in hypothalamus monitor blood solute (and water) concentration. When there is too much concentrate posterior pituitary secretes [blank_start]ADH[blank_end] (abbreviation) into blood.
- AOsmoreceptors
- BADH
52Gigantism occurs due to excessive [blank_start]GH[blank_end] (abr) targeting active [blank_start]epiphyseal[blank_end] [blank_start]plates[blank_end] before they close.
- AGH
- Bepiphyseal
- Cplates
53Acromegaly is due to an abundance of [blank_start]GH[blank_end] (abr.) and is often caused due to an [blank_start]anterior[blank_end] pituitary [blank_start]tumor[blank_end]. Affects only the [blank_start]hands[blank_end], [blank_start]feet[blank_end], and [blank_start]face[blank_end] due to ephiphyseal plates having already closed.
- AGH
- Banterior
- Ctumor
- Dhands
- Efeet
- Fface
54The [blank_start]anterior pituitary[blank_end] was called the "master endocrine gland" because many of its hormones regulate activity of other endocrine glands.
- Aanterior pituitary
55What disease is indicated by increased urine output, intense thirst, and is premeditated by damage to the head? [blank_start]Diabetes insipidus[blank_end]
- ADiabetes insipidus
56What syndrome is marked by retention of fluid, brain edema, headache, and disorientation especially following neurosurgery/general anesthesia, meningitis, hypothalamic injury, or lung cancer? [blank_start]Syndrome[blank_end] of [blank_start]inappropriate[blank_end] [blank_start]ADH[blank_end] [blank_start]secretion[blank_end]
- ASyndrome
- Binappropriate
- CADH
- Dsecretion
57When high concentrations of ADH are released during severe blood loss, blood pressure is [blank_start]raised[blank_end] and [blank_start]vasoconstriction[blank_end] occurs.
- Araised
- Bvasoconstriction
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Review of Endocrine System
- Autor
- Rachel Rivera
- Sprache
- English
- Aufrufe
- 95
- Schlagwörter
- Bewertung
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