Unit 3 Quiz Plant Bio

Shoot & root are the two types of [blank_start]organ[blank_end] systems in plants

The shoot system consists of [blank_start]stems[blank_end] which transport water & nutrients and provide support and [blank_start]leaves[blank_end] which are responsible for photosynthesis & gas exchange

Stem system [blank_start]Axillary buds[blank_end]: contain potential to develop into a branch and are controlled by terminal bud [blank_start]Nodes[blank_end]: where leaves attach to a stem & axillary buds develop [blank_start]Apical bud/shoot apical meristem[blank_end]: where new shoot system cells are produced, allowing plant to grow upwards [blank_start]Internodes[blank_end]: stem areas that elongate to spread leaves apart & optimize exposure to sunlight

Leaves Leaf cells are rich in light-harvesting [blank_start]chlorophyll[blank_end] pigment Composed of a flat, thin [blank_start]blade[blank_end] responsible for capturing sunlight that are webbed with [blank_start]veins[blank_end] that act as internal plumbing Covered in waxy [blank_start]cuticle[blank_end] to prevent drying Have pores called [blank_start]stomata[blank_end] on surface responsible for capturing CO2 and releasing oxygen Leaf blades are often attached to main stem via a thin, sturdy [blank_start]petiole[blank_end] responsible for holding blade upright

Another word for leaf arrangement is [blank_start]phyllotaxy[blank_end]

Label the types of leaf arrangement

Leaf form There are two forms of [blank_start]broad[blank_end] leaves differentiated by the way the leaf [blank_start]blade[blank_end] (also called lamina or the widest portion of the leaf) is divided [blank_start]Simple[blank_end]: undivided blades [blank_start]Compound[blank_end]: blades fully divide into leaflets separated along one or more veins [blank_start]Needles[blank_end] are the third form that differ from broad leaf types

Compound leaves can be [blank_start]pinnately[blank_end] (leaflets on both sides of the petiole) or [blank_start]palmately[blank_end] (radiating from a single point of the petiole) divided

Select all that are true for needles

[blank_start]Deciduous[blank_end] is the type of tree comprised of broad leaves

Leaf [blank_start]venation[blank_end]: provide transportation of water & nutrients Leaf [blank_start]margin[blank_end]: makes it easier for wind to carry away heat and water vapor Leaf [blank_start]shape[blank_end]: help with temperature regulation, water loss, or light absorption

Leaf venation [blank_start]Parallel[blank_end] venation (all veins running in the same direction) is usually found in [blank_start]monocots[blank_end] [blank_start]Reticulate[blank_end] venation (veins forming a net-like webbing) is usually found in [blank_start]dicots[blank_end] [blank_start]Pinnate[blank_end] - single midrib and secondary veins branching off at intervals [blank_start]Palmate[blank_end] - primary veins radiate from a single point near base

Leaf margins [blank_start]Entire[blank_end] - smooth, complete edge [blank_start]Lobed[blank_end] - indentation of the edge towards the midrib [blank_start]Toothed[blank_end] - saw-like edge with small teeth

Leaf shape [blank_start]Long[blank_end] leaves help with temperature regulation, good for [blank_start]hot[blank_end] conditions [blank_start]Thin[blank_end] leaves help prevent water loss, good for [blank_start]dry[blank_end] conditions [blank_start]Large, broad[blank_end] leaves harvest lots of light, good for [blank_start]gloomy[blank_end] conditions

Long term changes are called [blank_start]adaptations[blank_end] while short term changes are called [blank_start]plasticity[blank_end]

Leaves that receive lots of sunlight tend to be [blank_start]smaller[blank_end] with [blank_start]complex[blank_end] edges Leaves in more shaded environments are usually [blank_start]larger[blank_end] with [blank_start]less-complex[blank_end] edges

Leaf surface types [blank_start]Glabrous[blank_end] - smooth; help encourage shedding [blank_start]water[blank_end] to prevent interference with light capture or gas exchange - wet environment [blank_start]Pubescent[blank_end] - hairy; help insulate the leaf in cold or heat, prevent excessive water loss and provide [blank_start]UV[blank_end] protection under high light - arid environment

[blank_start]Roots[blank_end]: uptake of water/nutrients, anchorage, [blank_start]storage[blank_end] [blank_start]Stems[blank_end]: support plant, [blank_start]transfer nutrients/water[blank_end] [blank_start]Leaves[blank_end]: photosynthesis, [blank_start]gas exchange[blank_end]

Roots absorb water at tips through [blank_start]root hairs[blank_end] [blank_start]Root apical meristems[blank_end] are where new root cells are produced so roots can grow downward [blank_start]Coarse[blank_end] roots provide stability, storage, [blank_start]transport[blank_end], exhibit branching [blank_start]Fine[blank_end] roots are responsible for water and nutrient [blank_start]uptake[blank_end] due to highly permeable membranes

Root systems [blank_start]Fibrous[blank_end] roots - where the primary root is replaced by a mass of roots developing from stem base & helps with water and mineral absorption and stabilization [blank_start]Adventitious[blank_end] roots - develop from shoot system, [blank_start]can be above or underground[blank_end], increase stability and allow plant to reproduce asexually [blank_start]Tap[blank_end] roots - single, stout, primary root growing from stem base with thinner lateral roots growing from it, is best for [blank_start]anchorage[blank_end] & accessing [blank_start]deep sources of water[blank_end]

Root architecture In well-drained uplands, roots [blank_start]grow deep to reach rainwater[blank_end] In waterlogged lowlands, roots [blank_start]stay shallow[blank_end]

Label parts of leaf

Select all the abiotic factors

[blank_start]Biotic[blank_end] factors are the living things in an ecosystem

Root modifications Storage [blank_start]Root tubers[blank_end] are adventitious or tap roots with increased storage capacity that can protect from cold damage Aeration [blank_start]Pneumatophores[blank_end] are air-breathing roots that grow vertically upwards from submerged roots typically found in swampy areas Support [blank_start]Buttress roots[blank_end] are huge, wedge-shaped portions of roots that give support in soft, wet soil [blank_start]Prop roots[blank_end] serve are adventitious roots that arise some distance up the stem growing downward to ground and offer support [blank_start]Floating roots[blank_end] are spongy adventitious roots with large air pockets that help keep a plant buoyant in aquatic environment [blank_start]Climbing roots[blank_end] are adventitious roots that emerge from the stem in contact with a supportive surface Absorption [blank_start]Epiphytic roots[blank_end] are hanging aerial roots covered by a thin greyish layer of tissue known as velamen that can absorb moisture from air [blank_start]Parasitic roots[blank_end] are used to penetrate tissue of their host plant and absorb food and moisture [blank_start]Nodules[blank_end] are small structures forming along roots that house nitrogen-fixing bacteri

Storage [blank_start]Stem tubers[blank_end] are swollen, underground stems with small depressions called eyes where a node with one or more buds occurs [blank_start]Rhizome[blank_end] is a non-green, horizontal stem growing at or below soil surface [blank_start]Corms[blank_end] are condensed forms of rhizomes growing in vertical direction [blank_start]Bulbs[blank_end] are short, disc like stems with thick scale leaves surrounding terminal bud on top side and a cluster of adventitious shoots arising from bottom [blank_start]Cladodes[blank_end] are thickened green stems swollen with water-storing tissue Protection [blank_start]Thorns[blank_end] are modified short branches grown from axillary buds [blank_start]Prickles[blank_end] are not a full stem modification but come from the epidermal tissue of the internode Support  [blank_start]Twiners[blank_end] are stems of vines and are modified to be thin and flexible [blank_start]Tendrils[blank_end] are short branches that are modified into thread (spiral)-like, leafless structures that are meant for climbing Reproduction [blank_start]Runners and stolons[blank_end] are creeping stems with long internodes that run horizontally above soil surface [blank_start]Bulbils[blank_end] are modified vegetative flowers or buds with stored food that help a plant reproduce asexually

Storage [blank_start]Succulent leaves[blank_end] are thick leaves that provide ample water storage during drought Protection [blank_start]Spines[blank_end] are modified leaves or parts of leaves that have become woody, sharp, non-photosynthetic [blank_start]Leaf hairs[blank_end] are projections of epidermis and can vary in shape and how thickly they cover leaf surface Support [blank_start]Leaf tendrils[blank_end] look similar to stem tendrils and serve the same function, they next to distinct nodes and won't have any small scale-like leaves next to them [blank_start]Floating leaves[blank_end] provide buoyancy for aquatic plants via large air-filled cavities occurring in leaf or in petiole Reproduction [blank_start]Bracts[blank_end] are brightly colored leaves occurring next to small, nondescript flowers that play the role of petals in attracting pollinators [blank_start]Reproductive leaves[blank_end] have ability to form tiny plant clones at edges of their leaves from adventitious buds similar to bulbils Nutrient acquisition [blank_start]Carnivorous leaves[blank_end] are modified to form a trap that catches insects or small animals and then digests them using special enzymes [blank_start]Cupped leaves[blank_end] are rosettes of smooth textured leaves that collect water in their center

Root modifications [blank_start]lack nodes, leaves, and buds[blank_end] Stem modifications [blank_start]have nodes, internodes, and buds[blank_end] Leaf modifications [blank_start]lack nodes, buds, and adventitious roots[blank_end]

Label the modifications

Label the modifications

Label the modifications

Label the modifications

Label the modifications

Label parts of a stem

Label types of leaf venation