Renal Physiology- Physiology PMU- 2nd Year, 2nd Semester

Question

The nephron:

Answer 1

has endocrine functions

Answer 2

is lined by a single layer of epithelial cells

Answer 3

is under endocrine control

Answer 4

absorbs more ions and molecules than it secretes

Answer 5

all of the above

Answer 6

the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 7

the medulla oblongata

Answer 8

blood plasma

Answer 9

sodium amount in the blood

Answer 10

potassium amount in the blood

Answer 11

blood pressure

Answer 12

how much water a person excretes

Answer 13

total blood volume

Answer 14

all of the above

Answer 15

proximal tubule

Answer 16

loop of Henle

Answer 17

distal tubule

Answer 18

cortical collecting duct

Answer 19

medullary collecting duct

Answer 20

cells in the macula densa

Answer 21

cells in the proximal tubule

Answer 22

cells in the distal tubule

Answer 23

juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 24

cells in the peritubular capillary bed

Answer 25

is promoted by reduced arteriolar stretch in. the glomeruli

Answer 26

increases when systemic arterial pressure rises

Answer 27

directly activates angiotensin converting enzyme

Answer 28

tends to expand the plasma volume

Answer 29

has both afferent and efferent arterioles

Answer 30

contains capillaries, which are at a higher hydrostatic pressure than the peritubular capillaries

Answer 31

filters 20% of the renal plasma flow

Answer 32

contains renin-secreting cells

Answer 33

all of the above

Answer 34

of HCO3- in blood is increased by respiratory control of pCO2

Answer 35

of haemoglobin exceeds that of HCO3- in blood

Answer 36

of HCO3- is increased by the action of carbonic anhydrase

Answer 37

of venous blood is normally greater than that of arterial blood

Answer 38

a, b, and d

Answer 39

consumption of alcohol

Answer 40

hyperglycemia

Answer 41

increased aldosterone secretion

Answer 42

damage to the posterior pituitary

Answer 43

a, b, and d

Answer 44

reabsorption of all glucose

Answer 45

reabsorption of most water

Answer 46

active reabsorption of sodium

Answer 47

secretion of bicarbonate

Answer 48

a, b, and c

Answer 49

decreases the osmolarity of urine

Answer 50

decreases the volume of urine

Answer 51

increases the reabsorption of water in the proximal tubules

Answer 52

is synthesised in the posterior posterior pituitary gland

Answer 53

increases the excretion of glucose

Answer 54

there are 1.3 million nephrons in each kidney

Answer 55

they produce aldosterone

Answer 56

they receive 12% of the cardiac output at rest

Answer 57

more blood flows through the renal cortex than the renal medulla

Answer 58

insulin injection

Answer 59

decreased serum osmolality

Answer 60

increased serum osmolality

Answer 61

by active transport

Answer 62

by passive transport

Answer 63

by Na+ co-transport

Answer 64

by H+ counter-transport

Answer 65

low diuresis

Answer 66

decreased net filtration pressure

Answer 67

increased glucose urine level

Answer 68

decreased glucose urine level

Answer 69

blood plasma filtration

Answer 70

hormone secretion

Answer 71

water secretion

Answer 72

formation of primary urine

Answer 73

400 ml in faeces

Answer 74

300 ml from the lungs

Answer 75

loss from skin & lungs

Answer 76

insensible water loss

Answer 77

500 ml in urine

Answer 78

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 79

[Na+] at macula densa

Answer 80

afferent vasodilatation

Answer 81

arterial pressure

Answer 82

efferent vasoconstriction

Answer 83

impermeable to Na+

Answer 84

involved in active transport of K+ into the lumen

Answer 85

involved in active transport of Cl- out of lumen

Answer 86

involved in active transport of Na+ into lumen

Answer 87

hypotonic at the top

Answer 88

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 89

afferent arteriolar tone

Answer 90

efferent arteriolar tone

Answer 91

chloride transport at the macula densa

Answer 92

all of the above

Answer 93

active transport into the lumen

Answer 94

passive secretion in the collecting tubule

Answer 95

solvent drag

Answer 96

facilitated diffusion

Answer 97

Erythropoietin

Answer 98

Angiotensin ll

Answer 99

Cholecalciferol

Answer 100

increased sympathetic stimulation

Answer 101

decreased renal blood flow

Answer 102

hypoproteinaemia

Answer 103

ureteric obstruction

Answer 104

none of the above

Answer 105

the antidiuretic hormone

Answer 106

the medulla oblongata

Answer 107

aldosterone

Answer 108

sodium amounts in the blood

Answer 109

adrenal cortex

Answer 110

blood pressure

Answer 111

how much water a person excretes

Answer 112

total blood volume

Answer 113

all of the above

Answer 114

glomerulus and macula densa

Answer 115

proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule

Answer 116

loop of Henle and collecting tubule

Answer 117

afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole

Answer 118

ureters and bladder

Answer 119

its concentration in the tubular fluid is lower than in peritubular capillary blood

Answer 120

is carried out by the mechanism of simple diffusion

Answer 121

renal clearance is lower than that of insulin

Answer 122

renal clearance rises at low plasma levels

Answer 123

osmolality there is higher than the plasma one

Answer 124

is inversely related to its urinary concentration, U

Answer 125

is directly related to the rate of urine formation, and is expressed in units of volume per unit time

Answer 126

is directly related to its plasma concentration, P

Answer 127

is expressed in mm Hg

Answer 128

must fall in the presence of metabolic poisons

Answer 129

urea concentration is higher than in Bowman’s capsule

Answer 130

pH is less than 6 when the kidneys are excreting an acid urine

Answer 131

glucose concentration is similar to that in plasma

Answer 132

osmolality is about 25 per cent that of glomerular filtrate

Answer 133

bicarbonate concentration is higher than in plasma

Answer 134

fluids with osmolality lower than the plasma one

Answer 135

all filtered HCO3- in respiratory alcalosis

Answer 136

substances closely related to Cl-

Answer 137

all filtered plasma proteins

Answer 138

more K+ and Cl-

Answer 139

Tip of the loop Of Henle is less than that of plasma

Answer 140

Bowman's capsules is less than that in the distal tubules

Answer 141

Collecting duct rises when vasopressin is being secreted

Answer 142

Proximal convoluted tubule rises along its length

Answer 143

Proximal tubule is with lower osmolality than plasma one

Answer 144

reabsorption is active

Answer 145

reabsorption is critically related to tubular transit time

Answer 146

reabsorption is passive

Answer 147

renal clearance falls with its plasma concentration

Answer 148

reabsorbtion is carried out by the mechanism of faciliated diffusion

Answer 149

renal blood flow increases

Answer 150

glomerular filtration increases

Answer 151

there is a decrease in the circulating aldosterone level

Answer 152

renal vasoconstriction occurs

Answer 153

urinary output is increased

Answer 154

reabsorb about 50 % of the water filtered by the glomeruli

Answer 155

reabsorb all filtered aminoacide

Answer 156

reabsorb all filtered proteins

Answer 157

reabsorb sodium in exchange for hydrogen or potassium ions

Answer 158

determine the final composition of urine

Answer 159

about 10 % when arterial pressure increases 10% above normal

Answer 160

about 5% when metabolic activity in the kidney falls by 5%

Answer 161

during emotional stress

Answer 162

after small haemorrhage

Answer 163

gradually from the inner medulla to the outer cortex per unit weight of tissue

Answer 164

and glucose have different molar concentrations in normal blood

Answer 165

clearance is higher, than creatinins one

Answer 166

is actively secreted by the renal tubular cells into the tubular fluid

Answer 167

concentration in blood may rise ten-fold after a high protein meal

Answer 168

causes diuresis when its blood concentration is increased

Answer 169

Inulin provides an estimate of glomerular filtration rate

Answer 170

Chloride increases after an injection of aldosterone

Answer 171

PAH falls when the PAH load exceeds the Tm for PAH

Answer 172

Urea is higher than that of insulin

Answer 173

Inulin is dependent of its plasma concentration

Answer 174

is a steroid hormone, secreted by the adrenal medulla

Answer 175

production ceases following removal of the kidneys and their juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 176

production decreases in treatment with drugs which block angiotensin-converting enzyme

Answer 177

secretion results in increased potassium reabsorption by the nephron

Answer 178

secretion results in a fall in plasma volume

Answer 179

clearance of glucose differs 0, if its plasma concentration is below 11,1mmol.1-1

Answer 180

osmolality ranges from 200-400 mosmol/litre

Answer 181

colour is due to small quantities of bile pigments

Answer 182

pH falls as dietary protein rises

Answer 183

calcium excretion is decreased by parathormone

Answer 184

glucose is above 0, if the plasma concentration of a given substance is below 11, mmol.1-1

Answer 185

of urea is higher than creatinin‘s one

Answer 186

of glucose provides an estimate of renal plasma flow

Answer 187

of phosphate is decreased by parathormone

Answer 188

of protein is normally zero

Answer 189

occurs in the stomach during infancy

Answer 190

is stimulated by the hormone angiotensin 1

Answer 191

is stimulated by a fall in extracellular fluid volume and leads to raised levels of angiotensin II in the blood

Answer 192

inhibits the secretion of aldosterone

Answer 193

inhibits ACTH secretion by the pituitary gland

Answer 194

osmolality of the urine

Answer 195

reabsorption of water from the proximal tubules

Answer 196

extracellular but not intracellular fluid volume

Answer 197

extracellular fluid osmolality

Answer 198

intracellular fluid osmolality

Answer 199

osmolarity

Answer 200

plasma proteins

Answer 201

hydrogen ions

Answer 202

enlargement of the prostate gland

Answer 203

dystrophy of the bladder muscle

Answer 204

dilation of the ureters and reduction of the glomerular filtration rate

Answer 205

increase and reduction of the glomerular filtration rate

Answer 206

a decrease in residual volume in the bladder

Answer 207

the sympathetic nerves carrying afferent information from bladder to the spinal cord are cut

Answer 208

the pelvic nerves are cut or anticholinergic drugs are administered

Answer 209

cholinergic agonists are administered

Answer 210

alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists are administered

Answer 211

beta-adrenergic receptor blockers are administered

Answer 212

urine production

Answer 213

plasma osmorality

Answer 214

chloride reabsorbtion

Answer 215

intestinal fluid volume

Answer 216

plasma volume

Answer 217

decreases bicarbonate formation and reabsorption in the kidney

Answer 218

increases plasma bicarbonate levels

Answer 219

increases blood pH

Answer 220

increases urinary loss of potassium ions

Answer 221

increases urinary volume and pH

Answer 222

an increased blood urea and blood uric acid

Answer 223

a decreased blood uric acid

Answer 224

an increased creatinine clearance

Answer 225

an increased acid-base disturbance when he or she vomits

Answer 226

an increased acid-base problem on a low protein diet

Answer 227

difficulty in emptying the bladder

Answer 228

loss of tone in the internal sphincter of the bladder and loss of pain sensation in the bladder

Answer 229

loss of tone in the external sphincter of the bladder

Answer 230

increased pain sensation in the bladder

Answer 231

infertility in the female

Answer 232

potassium retention tends to be more severe

Answer 233

blood urea levels tend to be higher

Answer 234

depression of bone marrow activity is unlikely to occur

Answer 235

metabolic acidosis is usually not a problem

Answer 236

dietary protein restriction is unnecessary

Answer 237

an increase in renal bicarbonate formation

Answer 238

a decrease in urinary ammonium salts

Answer 239

a decrease in plasma potassium concentration

Answer 240

an increase of the monohydrogen/dihydrogen phosphate ratio in urine

Answer 241

a decrease in urinary bicarbonate excretion

Answer 242

constriction of the afferent arteriole

Answer 243

inhibition of diuresis

Answer 244

stimulation of water conservation

Answer 245

constriction of the efferent arteriole

Answer 246

reduction in water conservation by the kidneys

Answer 247

denaturation may occur

Answer 248

this transport is not competitive

Answer 249

there are only 10 different amino acids

Answer 250

transport of amino acids is typically highly specific

Answer 251

glucose inhibits amino acid transport

Answer 252

facilitated diffusion

Answer 253

secondary passive transport

Answer 254

primary direct active transport

Answer 255

secondary indirect active antiport

Answer 256

secondary indirect active symport

Answer 257

increases secretion of antidiuretic honnone

Answer 258

reduces the plasma sodium concentration

Answer 259

increases osmolarity of the urine

Answer 260

causes body cells to shrink

Answer 261

decreases the specific gravity of the body

Answer 262

can be a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base

Answer 263

can be a solution of sodium and bicarbonate ions

Answer 264

prevents any change in pH when acid is added

Answer 265

works best when acid and base are equal in concentration

Answer 266

is hemoglobin as an example of intracellular buffer

Answer 267

increased urinary excretion of potassium

Answer 268

hypoventilation

Answer 269

a blood pH of less than 5.5

Answer 270

an urinary pH of less than 5.5

Answer 271

thirst and release of vasopressin

Answer 272

increased water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubules

Answer 273

a decrease of vasopressin secretion

Answer 274

an increase in intracellular fluid volume

Answer 275

suppression of sweat secretion

Answer 276

metabolic acidosis

Answer 277

partly compensated respiratory alkalosis

Answer 278

a reduced pCO2

Answer 279

chronic renal failure with a raised pCO2

Answer 280

a history of persistent vomiting of gastric contents

Answer 281

must have a raised pCO2

Answer 282

must have a raised bicarbonate concentration [HCO3-]

Answer 283

may have evidence of renal compensation

Answer 284

may have respiratory failure due to hypoventilation

Answer 285

all of the above

Answer 286

occurs for several days after major surgery

Answer 287

expands the extracellular fluid volume

Answer 288

expands the blood volume

Answer 289

increases the severity of oedema

Answer 290

all of the above

Answer 291

cardiovascular changes are less pronounced

Answer 292

intracellular fluid volume is less affected

Answer 293

the haematocrit increases

Answer 294

thirst is more severe

Answer 295

antidiuretic hormone levels are higher

Answer 296

occurs in acute renal failure

Answer 297

follows severe crush injuries to the limbs

Answer 298

may diminish cardiac performance and cause death

Answer 299

may be reduced by Intravenous infusion of insulin and glucose

Answer 300

all of the above

Answer 301

may occur when parathyrord activity decreases

Answer 302

may occur when the plasma protein level falls

Answer 303

may occur in chronic renal failure

Answer 304

increases the risk of stone formation in the urinary tract

Answer 305

causes increased excitability of nerve and muscle

Answer 306

increase in plasma osmolality and volume

Answer 307

increase in plasma osmolality and decrease in volume

Answer 308

decrease in osmolality and increase in volume

Answer 309

decrease in plasma osmolality and volume

Answer 310

increase in intracelular volume

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Renal Physiology- Physiology PMU- 2nd Year, 2nd Semester

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