Chap 2

Beschreibung

Psych 101
Kaila Sao
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Frage Antworten
case study An in-depth analysis of the behavior of one person or a small number of people.
confirmation bias The tendency to notice and remember instances that support your beliefs more than instances that contradict them.
confounding variables Variables that are irrelevant to the hypothesis being tested but can alter a researcher’s conclusions.
control group A group that experiences all experimental procedures, with the exception of exposure to the independent variable.
correlations A measure of the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables.
critical thinking The ability to think clearly, rationally, and independently.
cross-sectional study An experimental design for assessing age-related changes in which data are obtained simultaneously from people of differing ages.
dependent variable A measure that demonstrates the effects of an independent variable; the “result” part of a hypothesis
descriptive statistics Statistical methods that organize data into meaningful patterns and summaries, such as finding the average value.
double-blind procedure A research design that controls for placebo effects in which neither the participant nor the experimenter observing the participant knows whether the participant was given an active substance or treatment or a placebo.
experiment A research method that tests hypotheses and allows researchers to make conclusions about causality.
experimental groups A group of participants who are exposed to the independent variable.
generalizations The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus (CS)
hypothesis A proposed explanation for a situation, usually taking the form “If A happens, then B will be the result.”
independent variable An experimental variable controlled and manipulated by the experimenter; the “if A happens” part of a hypothesis
inferential statistics Statistical methods that allow experimenters to extend conclusions from samples to larger populations
informed consent Permission obtained from a research participant after the risks and benefits of an experimental procedure have been thoroughly explained
longitudinal study An experimental design for assessing age-related changes in which data are obtained from the same individuals at intervals over a long period of time.
mean The numerical average of a set of scores.
measure A method for describing a variable’s quantity.
median The halfway mark in a set of data, with half of the scores above it and half below.
meta-analysis A statistical analysis of many previous experiments on a single topic.
mixed longitudinal design A method for assessing age-related changes that combines the cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches by observing a cross-section of participants over a shorter period than is used typically in longitudinal studies.
mode The most frequently occurring score in a set of data
naturalistic observation An in-depth study of a phenomenon in its natural setting.
normal distribution A symmetrical probability function
null hypothesis A hypothesis stating the default position that there is no real difference between two measures
objectivity The practice of basing conclusions on facts, without the influence of personal emotion and bias.
operationalization Defining variables in ways that allow them to be measured.
peer review The process of having other experts examine research prior to its publication
placebo An inactive substance or treatment that cannot be distinguished from a real, active substance or treatment.
population The entire group from which a sample is taken.
publication bias The possibility that published studies are not representative of all work done on a particular phenomenon.
random assignment The procedure in which each participant has an equal chance of being placed in any group in an experiment
reliability The consistency of a measure, including test–retest, interrater, intermethod, and internal consistency.
replication Repeating an experiment and producing the same results.
sample A subset of a population being studied.
science A method for learning about reality through systematic observation and experimentation
standard deviation A measure of how tightly clustered around the mean a group of scores is
statistical significance A standard for deciding whether an observed result is because of chance.
surveys A descriptive method in which participants are asked the same questions
theories A set of facts and relationships between facts that can explain and predict related phenomena.
third variable A variable that is responsible for a correlation observed between two other variables of interest.
validity A quality of a measure that leads to correct conclusions (i.e., the measure evaluates the concept that it was designed to do).
variables A factor that has a range of values.
How did people attempt to understand natural phenomena, early in history applying human characteristics to nature
What did people often base their form strong beliefs? faith, which literally means “trust.”
What type of knowledge does science refer to? a special way of learning about reality through systematic observation and experimentation.
What does science rely on? objectivity, rather than subjectivity.
What does subjectivity mean? that conclusions reflect personal points of view.
What does "hit or miss,” mean? making conclusions based only on whatever is happening around us.
What not only explains and organizes known facts, but also generate new predictions? scientific theories
What links concrete variables based on your theory and makes specific predictions. hypothesis
What do Correlational methods do? help psychologists see how two variables of interest
Why do Psychologists use experiments? to test their hypotheses and to determine the causes of behavior.
What helps researchers make careful, systematic, real-world observations. descriptive methods
When do Psychologists often use case studies? when large numbers of participants are not available or when a particular participant possesses unique characteristics, as in the case described in this section.
How we begin our analysis of correlations? measuring our variables.
What is zero correlation? which the two variables have no systematic relationship with each other.
What permits us to discuss the relationships between two variables but tell us nothing about whether one variable causes changes in the other. Correlations
What are the three specific techniques for assessing the normal behaviors associated with age? cross-sectional, longitudinal, and mixed longitudinal designs.
What can we use to explore the characteristics of the data obtained from our research. descriptive statistics
What are the three types of measures for central tendency? mean, median, and mode for each group of scores.
What does a smaller standard deviation suggests? that most scores might be found near the mean
What does a larger standard deviation suggest? that the scores are spread out from the mean.
we do we use inferential statistics. To reach conclusions about how our observations of a sample might fit the bigger picture of groups of people
What does Confidentiality refer to? The participants’ right to have their data revealed to others only with their permission.
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