Karteikarten
Stroke
Karten in diesem Stapel (46)
- 1WHAT IS A STROKE?Where the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off.
There are 3 types: ischaemic, haemorrhagic and a transient ischaemic attack (mini stroke). - 2CAUSE OF A ISCHAEMIC STROKEThe blood and oxygen flow to the brain is stopped due to a blood clot
These clots dorm in areas where the arteries have been narrowed/blocked over time by fatty deposits (plaques) in a process called atherosclerosis
Around 85% of stroke cases - 3WHAT CAN ACCELERATE THE PROCESS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS?Smoking
High blood pressure (hypertension)
Obesity
High cholesterol levels
Diabetes
Excessive alcohol intake - 4WHAT IS ANOTHER CAUSE OF ISCHAEMIC STROKES?An irregular heartbeat (atrial fibrillation) - can cause blood clots in the heart that break up and escape from the heart, becoming lodged in the blood vessels supplying the brain.
- 5WHAT CAN CAUSE ATRIAL FIBRILLATION?Lung disease
Heart valve disease
Excessive alcohol intake
Coronary heart disease
An overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism) - 6WHAT IS A HAEMORRHAGIC STROKE?Where the blood flow is stopped due to a weakened blood vessel supplying the brain bursts and stops any messages reaching the brain
- 7CAUSES OF A HAEMORRHAGIC STROKEThe main cause is high blood pressure which can weaken the arteries in the brain and make them prone to split or rupture
A rupture of a balloon-like expansion of a blood vessel (brain aneurysm) and badly formed blood vessels in the brain. - 8WHAT INCREASES THE RISK OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE?Being overweight or obese
Excessive alcohol intake
Smoking
A lack of exercise
Stress - 9CAUSE OF A TRANSIENT ISCHAEMIC ATTACKA temporary disruption in the blood supply to part of the brain caused by a partial clot, resulting in a lack of oxygen to the brain.
- 10HOW LONG DO THE EFFECTS OF A TIA LAST?A few minutes or hours
Fully resolve within 24 hours - 11SYMPTOMS OF A STROKEComplete paralysis of one side of the body
Sudden loss or blurring of vision
Dizziness
Confusion
Difficulty understanding others
Problems with balance/coordination
Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
Loss of consciousness - 12SYMPTOMS OF A STROKE. F.A.S.TFace - may have dropped on one side, may not be able to smile, eye / mouth may have dropped
Arms - may not be able to life both and keep them there, weakness or numbness
Speech - slurred, garbled, may be unable to talk
Time - dial 999 immediately - 13WHO IS AT RISK?Mainly older people
Heavy smokers
People with blood clotting diseases
People who drink excessively
People with high blood pressure
Having a negative lifestyle - 14RISK FACTORSAge - more likely aged 65+
Family history - if a close relative has had a stroke, then your risk is likely to be higher
Ethnicity - higher if south Asian, African or Caribbean due to higher rates of diabetes and high blood pressure
Medical history - higher if previously had a stroke, heart attack or TIA - 15REDUCING THE RISKLifestyle changes to avoid problems such as atherosclerosis and high blood pressure
Healthy diet
Regular exercise
Stopping smoking
Cutting down on alcohol intake
Seek medical advice for irregular heartbeat - anticoagulant medications - 16DIAGNOSING A STROKEBlood tests - determine cholesterol and blood sugar levels
Checking pulse for an irregular heartbeat
Taking a blood pressure measurement
Brain scans - to see if cause if a blockage (ischaemic) or burst blood vessel (haemorrhagic), part of brain affected and severity - 17DIAGNOSING A STROKECT scans - detailed, 3D image of brain to identify any problem areas
MRI scans - detailed image of inside body
Swallow tests
Carotid ultrasound - show any narrowing / blockages in neck arteries leading to brain
Echocardiogram - images of the heart, check for any problem related to stroke - 18PRACTITIONERSPhysiotherapists
Psychologists
Occupational therapists
Speech therapists
Specialist nurses
Specialist doctors
Middle grade doctors / registrars
A+E doctors and nurses if taken there. - 19WHAT ARE THE 6 TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR ISCHAEMIC STROKES?Carotid endarterectomy
Statins
Antihypertensives
Anticoagulants
Antiplatelets
Thrombosis - 20TREATMENT OF ISCHAEMIC STROKES: CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMYA surgical method used to unblock the clot caused by fatty deposits
- 21TREATMENT OF ISCHAEMIC STROKES: STATINSA drug that lowers the level of low density lipoprotein cholesterol in the blood
- 22TREATMENT OF ISCHAEMIC STROKES: ANTIHYPERTENSIVESA group of medicines that lower the blood pressure
e.g. alpha blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers - 23TREATMENT OF ISCHAEMIC STROKES: ANTICOAGULANTSMedication used to prevent further blood clots by changing the chemical composition of the blood
- 24TREATMENT OF ISCHAEMIC STROKES: ANTIPLATELETSMost patients are given aspirin which makes the blood platelets less sticky and therefore less likely to clot
Others include clopidogrel and dipyridamole - 25TREATMENT OF ISCHAEMIC STROKES: THROMBOSISA 'clot-busting' medication system where the patient is given injections of a drug (alteplase) which dissoles the blood and restores blood flow to the brain
It is crucial to get a full brain scan and to diagnose as an ischaemic stroke before as it can worsen haemorrhagic strokes - 26WHAT ARE THE 2 TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR HAEMORRHAGIC STROKES?Surgery
Surgery for hydrocephalus - 27TREATMENT OF HAEMORRHAGIC STROKES: SURGERYA craniotomy is done to remove any excess blood and to stop the bleeding before repairing the damaged/split vessel
- 28TREATMENT OF HAEMORRHAGIC STROKES: SURGERY FOR HYDROCEPHALUSA complication for a haemorrhagic stroke -the fluid has built up in the brain
A tube is placed in the brain to allow the fluids to drain - 29WHAT ARE THE 4 ADDITIONAL TREATMENTS?Feeding tube inserted into stomach through your nose - provide nutrition -difficulty swallowing.
Nutritional supplements - malnourished due to inability to swallow
Oxygen through nasal tube/face mask - increase oxygen amount to rest of body
Fluids given intravenously - dehydration - 30IMPACTS: PHYSICALCan cause permanent paralysis
Can cause speech to be permanently slurred and non-comprehendible
Exhaustion due to physiotherapy - 31IMPACTS: INTELLECTUALDepression
Anxiety
Changes in behaviour
Loss of the ability to communicate verbally can cause distress - 32IMPACTS: EMOTIONALAnger
Frustration
Sadness
Hopelessness - 33IMPACTS: SOCIALLack of language capabilities may become a barrier between patient and family/friends
They may not be able to go out due to a lack of physical ability
Family may become frustrated with caring for patient - 34IMPACTS: FINANCIALIn some cases there is an inability to recover regular body uses so can no longer work
Time off work whilst in hospital
Usually recommended to only go back to work part time whilst receiving physiotherapy - 35PATIENT CENTRED APPROACHPatient is recommended treatments for their type and severity of stroke once in stable condition
Treatment is started immediately for the best chance of recovery
Allowed to ask for a specific nurse/doctor and is allowed to decide who they have for physiotherapy out of those working - 36PATIENT CENTRED APPROACHThey are allowed to request appointments with a specific physiotherapist or specialist nurse when they are out of hospital
- 37PATIENT CARE PATHWAY: DIAGNOSISSymptoms shown - F.A.S.T
A+E - stroke confirmed, type, cause, severity
Asking about what happened before symptoms appeared, lifestyle, any medical conditions or allergies
Blood tests for cholesterol and blood sugar levels - 38PATIENT CARE PATHWAY: DIAGNOSISBrains scans- MRI / CT - to determine type and severity of stroke
Swallow test
Carotid ultrasound - areas around the neck and all arteries leading to and from the brain to see if there is a blockage
Echocardiography - ultrasound of chest to see if it was a stroke or issue with heart - 39PATIENT CARE PATHWAY: IN HOSPITALOnce diagnosed, informed of all treatments by A+E consultant and recommended the best option
Stroke Ward to receive treatment
Regular check ups from doctors, specialist nurses, physiotherapists, speech therapists, clinical psychologists while in hospital - 40PATIENT CARE PATHWAY: DISCHARGEOnce discharged, book regular appointments with physiotherapy, given contacts for social groups of stroke sufferers, specialist hotlines and specialist nurses.
Visited at home for a few months by physiotherapist - given challenges and exercises to become more mobile - 41PATIENT CARE PATHWAY: HOW LONG DO PATIENT RECEIVE SUPPORT FOR?Receive support for as long as they feel they need it
- 42RECOVERYAround 1/4 will die
50% will be dependent on some form of care for help with daily activities
Local authorities should provide free 'reablement services' for anyone assessed as needing them to help the person recovering to learn/relearn the skills for independent daily living at home - 43CARING FOR SOMEONE WHO HAS HAD A STROKECreate a care plan - community care assessment
GP is responsible for their medical care - The medical team in hospital should write to the GP about their treatment, future care needs and medication
Information about local groups and services - e.g. a day centre - 44CARING FOR SOMEONE WHO HAS HAD A STROKECommunity/district nurses - support people living at home, rehabilitation exercises, arrange equipment (wheelchair, hoist...), advice on arranging home to make caring easier
Community rehabilitation services - speech and language therapy, physiotherapy, occupational therapy
Respite care - to give carers a break - 45HELP AND SUPPORT FACILITIESCommunity Service Volunteers (CSV) - recruits and trains volunteers to help individuals live more independently at home
DIAL UK - information and advice lines on local services
Relate - free online counselling service - 46HELP AND SUPPORT FACILITIESRemploy - helping disabled people return to the jobs market, training and rehabilitation
Shaw Trust - helping people come off benefits and get back into work, helps access government funded employment programmes
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- AS level Health and social care (HSC02) Karteikarten am Stroke, erstellt von Beth Tonks am 30/12/2016.
- Erstellt von
- Beth Tonks
- Aufrufe
- 31
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