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Flashcards

Stroke

Beth Tonks Health and social care AS level Inglês 46 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (46)

  1. 1WHAT IS A STROKE?Where the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off.
    There are 3 types: ischaemic, haemorrhagic and a transient ischaemic attack (mini stroke).
  2. 2CAUSE OF A ISCHAEMIC STROKEThe blood and oxygen flow to the brain is stopped due to a blood clot
    These clots dorm in areas where the arteries have been narrowed/blocked over time by fatty deposits (plaques) in a process called atherosclerosis
    Around 85% of stroke cases
  3. 3WHAT CAN ACCELERATE THE PROCESS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS?Smoking
    High blood pressure (hypertension)
    Obesity
    High cholesterol levels
    Diabetes
    Excessive alcohol intake
  4. 4WHAT IS ANOTHER CAUSE OF ISCHAEMIC STROKES?An irregular heartbeat (atrial fibrillation) - can cause blood clots in the heart that break up and escape from the heart, becoming lodged in the blood vessels supplying the brain.
  5. 5WHAT CAN CAUSE ATRIAL FIBRILLATION?Lung disease
    Heart valve disease
    Excessive alcohol intake
    Coronary heart disease
    An overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism)
  6. 6WHAT IS A HAEMORRHAGIC STROKE?Where the blood flow is stopped due to a weakened blood vessel supplying the brain bursts and stops any messages reaching the brain
  7. 7CAUSES OF A HAEMORRHAGIC STROKEThe main cause is high blood pressure which can weaken the arteries in the brain and make them prone to split or rupture
    A rupture of a balloon-like expansion of a blood vessel (brain aneurysm) and badly formed blood vessels in the brain.
  8. 8WHAT INCREASES THE RISK OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE?Being overweight or obese
    Excessive alcohol intake
    Smoking
    A lack of exercise
    Stress
  9. 9CAUSE OF A TRANSIENT ISCHAEMIC ATTACKA temporary disruption in the blood supply to part of the brain caused by a partial clot, resulting in a lack of oxygen to the brain.
  10. 10HOW LONG DO THE EFFECTS OF A TIA LAST?A few minutes or hours
    Fully resolve within 24 hours
  11. 11SYMPTOMS OF A STROKEComplete paralysis of one side of the body
    Sudden loss or blurring of vision
    Dizziness
    Confusion
    Difficulty understanding others
    Problems with balance/coordination
    Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
    Loss of consciousness
  12. 12SYMPTOMS OF A STROKE. F.A.S.TFace - may have dropped on one side, may not be able to smile, eye / mouth may have dropped
    Arms - may not be able to life both and keep them there, weakness or numbness
    Speech - slurred, garbled, may be unable to talk
    Time - dial 999 immediately
  13. 13WHO IS AT RISK?Mainly older people
    Heavy smokers
    People with blood clotting diseases
    People who drink excessively
    People with high blood pressure
    Having a negative lifestyle
  14. 14RISK FACTORSAge - more likely aged 65+
    Family history - if a close relative has had a stroke, then your risk is likely to be higher
    Ethnicity - higher if south Asian, African or Caribbean due to higher rates of diabetes and high blood pressure
    Medical history - higher if previously had a stroke, heart attack or TIA
  15. 15REDUCING THE RISKLifestyle changes to avoid problems such as atherosclerosis and high blood pressure
    Healthy diet
    Regular exercise
    Stopping smoking
    Cutting down on alcohol intake
    Seek medical advice for irregular heartbeat - anticoagulant medications
  16. 16DIAGNOSING A STROKEBlood tests - determine cholesterol and blood sugar levels
    Checking pulse for an irregular heartbeat
    Taking a blood pressure measurement
    Brain scans - to see if cause if a blockage (ischaemic) or burst blood vessel (haemorrhagic), part of brain affected and severity
  17. 17DIAGNOSING A STROKECT scans - detailed, 3D image of brain to identify any problem areas
    MRI scans - detailed image of inside body
    Swallow tests
    Carotid ultrasound - show any narrowing / blockages in neck arteries leading to brain
    Echocardiogram - images of the heart, check for any problem related to stroke
  18. 18PRACTITIONERSPhysiotherapists
    Psychologists
    Occupational therapists
    Speech therapists
    Specialist nurses
    Specialist doctors
    Middle grade doctors / registrars
    A+E doctors and nurses if taken there.
  19. 19WHAT ARE THE 6 TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR ISCHAEMIC STROKES?Carotid endarterectomy
    Statins
    Antihypertensives
    Anticoagulants
    Antiplatelets
    Thrombosis
  20. 20TREATMENT OF ISCHAEMIC STROKES: CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMYA surgical method used to unblock the clot caused by fatty deposits
  21. 21TREATMENT OF ISCHAEMIC STROKES: STATINSA drug that lowers the level of low density lipoprotein cholesterol in the blood
  22. 22TREATMENT OF ISCHAEMIC STROKES: ANTIHYPERTENSIVESA group of medicines that lower the blood pressure
    e.g. alpha blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers
  23. 23TREATMENT OF ISCHAEMIC STROKES: ANTICOAGULANTSMedication used to prevent further blood clots by changing the chemical composition of the blood
  24. 24TREATMENT OF ISCHAEMIC STROKES: ANTIPLATELETSMost patients are given aspirin which makes the blood platelets less sticky and therefore less likely to clot
    Others include clopidogrel and dipyridamole
  25. 25TREATMENT OF ISCHAEMIC STROKES: THROMBOSISA 'clot-busting' medication system where the patient is given injections of a drug (alteplase) which dissoles the blood and restores blood flow to the brain
    It is crucial to get a full brain scan and to diagnose as an ischaemic stroke before as it can worsen haemorrhagic strokes
  26. 26WHAT ARE THE 2 TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR HAEMORRHAGIC STROKES?Surgery
    Surgery for hydrocephalus
  27. 27TREATMENT OF HAEMORRHAGIC STROKES: SURGERYA craniotomy is done to remove any excess blood and to stop the bleeding before repairing the damaged/split vessel
  28. 28TREATMENT OF HAEMORRHAGIC STROKES: SURGERY FOR HYDROCEPHALUSA complication for a haemorrhagic stroke -the fluid has built up in the brain
    A tube is placed in the brain to allow the fluids to drain
  29. 29WHAT ARE THE 4 ADDITIONAL TREATMENTS?Feeding tube inserted into stomach through your nose - provide nutrition -difficulty swallowing.
    Nutritional supplements - malnourished due to inability to swallow
    Oxygen through nasal tube/face mask - increase oxygen amount to rest of body
    Fluids given intravenously - dehydration
  30. 30IMPACTS: PHYSICALCan cause permanent paralysis
    Can cause speech to be permanently slurred and non-comprehendible
    Exhaustion due to physiotherapy
  31. 31IMPACTS: INTELLECTUALDepression
    Anxiety
    Changes in behaviour
    Loss of the ability to communicate verbally can cause distress
  32. 32IMPACTS: EMOTIONALAnger
    Frustration
    Sadness
    Hopelessness
  33. 33IMPACTS: SOCIALLack of language capabilities may become a barrier between patient and family/friends
    They may not be able to go out due to a lack of physical ability
    Family may become frustrated with caring for patient
  34. 34IMPACTS: FINANCIALIn some cases there is an inability to recover regular body uses so can no longer work
    Time off work whilst in hospital
    Usually recommended to only go back to work part time whilst receiving physiotherapy
  35. 35PATIENT CENTRED APPROACHPatient is recommended treatments for their type and severity of stroke once in stable condition
    Treatment is started immediately for the best chance of recovery
    Allowed to ask for a specific nurse/doctor and is allowed to decide who they have for physiotherapy out of those working
  36. 36PATIENT CENTRED APPROACHThey are allowed to request appointments with a specific physiotherapist or specialist nurse when they are out of hospital
  37. 37PATIENT CARE PATHWAY: DIAGNOSISSymptoms shown - F.A.S.T
    A+E - stroke confirmed, type, cause, severity
    Asking about what happened before symptoms appeared, lifestyle, any medical conditions or allergies
    Blood tests for cholesterol and blood sugar levels
  38. 38PATIENT CARE PATHWAY: DIAGNOSISBrains scans- MRI / CT - to determine type and severity of stroke
    Swallow test
    Carotid ultrasound - areas around the neck and all arteries leading to and from the brain to see if there is a blockage
    Echocardiography - ultrasound of chest to see if it was a stroke or issue with heart
  39. 39PATIENT CARE PATHWAY: IN HOSPITALOnce diagnosed, informed of all treatments by A+E consultant and recommended the best option
    Stroke Ward to receive treatment
    Regular check ups from doctors, specialist nurses, physiotherapists, speech therapists, clinical psychologists while in hospital
  40. 40PATIENT CARE PATHWAY: DISCHARGEOnce discharged, book regular appointments with physiotherapy, given contacts for social groups of stroke sufferers, specialist hotlines and specialist nurses.
    Visited at home for a few months by physiotherapist - given challenges and exercises to become more mobile
  41. 41PATIENT CARE PATHWAY: HOW LONG DO PATIENT RECEIVE SUPPORT FOR?Receive support for as long as they feel they need it
  42. 42RECOVERYAround 1/4 will die
    50% will be dependent on some form of care for help with daily activities
    Local authorities should provide free 'reablement services' for anyone assessed as needing them to help the person recovering to learn/relearn the skills for independent daily living at home
  43. 43CARING FOR SOMEONE WHO HAS HAD A STROKECreate a care plan - community care assessment
    GP is responsible for their medical care - The medical team in hospital should write to the GP about their treatment, future care needs and medication
    Information about local groups and services - e.g. a day centre
  44. 44CARING FOR SOMEONE WHO HAS HAD A STROKECommunity/district nurses - support people living at home, rehabilitation exercises, arrange equipment (wheelchair, hoist...), advice on arranging home to make caring easier
    Community rehabilitation services - speech and language therapy, physiotherapy, occupational therapy
    Respite care - to give carers a break
  45. 45HELP AND SUPPORT FACILITIESCommunity Service Volunteers (CSV) - recruits and trains volunteers to help individuals live more independently at home
    DIAL UK - information and advice lines on local services
    Relate - free online counselling service
  46. 46HELP AND SUPPORT FACILITIESRemploy - helping disabled people return to the jobs market, training and rehabilitation
    Shaw Trust - helping people come off benefits and get back into work, helps access government funded employment programmes

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AS level Health and social care (HSC02) FlashCards sobre Stroke, criado por Beth Tonks em 30-12-2016.
Criado por
Beth Tonks
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