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Karteikarten

Chapter 4

Claire Shields Physiology Englisch 63 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (63)

  1. 1paracrinechemical messengers can travel from a signaling cell to nearby target cells by diffusion
  2. 2adjacent cells can communicate via direct contact between extracellular matrix and membrane proteins through channels calledgap junctions
  3. 3at the target cell, the chemical messenger binds to a _________ , changing the shape of the receptor and activating ___________receptor, signal transduction pathways
  4. 4for long distance cell to cell communication, animals use theendocrine and nervous systems
  5. 5endocrine messengers are calledhormones
  6. 6in many neurons, the electrical signal results in the release of a chemical messenger called a ______________ that diffuses to the target cell over a very short distanceneurotransmitter
  7. 7there are also some neurons that release their neurotransmitters into the circulation, in this case the signaling molecule is called aneurohormone
  8. 8when inter-individual communication occurs between members of the same species, the chemical messengers are termedpheromones
  9. 9when it occurs between members of different species, the chemical messengers are termedallelochemicals
  10. 10gap junctions are permeable to a variety ofsmall hydrophilic molecules including Ca2+ and cAMP
  11. 113 steps of indirect cell signaling1. release of chemical messenger
    2. transport to the target cell
    3. communication via receptor binding
  12. 126 main classes of chemicals that are known to participate in cell signalingpeptides
    steroids
    amines
    fatty acids
    purines
    gases
  13. 13preprohormonescontain not only one or more copies of a peptide hormone, but also a signal sequence that targets the polypeptide for secretion
  14. 14the extracellular portion of a transmembrane receptor contains theligand-binding domain
  15. 15___________ is the general term for any molecule that binds specifically to a proteinligand
  16. 16steroids can act asparacrine and autocrine signals and as pheromones
  17. 17mineralocorticoidsimportant for fluid and electrolyte balance in the body
  18. 18glucocorticoidsstress hormones, increasing glucose production, release of fatty acids from adipose tissue, breakdown of proteins into amino acids, regulating the immune system and inflammatory responses
  19. 19steroids can diffuse across short distances dissolved in extracellular fluids, but for long distance transport they are usually bound tocarrier proteins
  20. 20dopamineneurotransmitter
  21. 21norepinephrine and epinephrineneurotransmitter, paracrines, hormones
  22. 22amine hormones-chemicals that possess amine group
    -some true hormones, some neurotransmitters, some both
    -most hydrophilic
    -diverse effects
  23. 23eicosanoids-most act as paracrines
    -hydrophobic
    -often involved in inflammation and pain
  24. 24gasesmost act as paracrines
  25. 25purinesfunction as neuromodulators and paracrines
  26. 26hydrophilic ligands bond totransmembrane receptors
  27. 27hydrophobic ligands bind tointracellular receptors
  28. 28agonistchemicals that bind to and activate receptors
  29. 29antagonistchemicals that bind to but do not activate receptors
  30. 30________________ often share similar ligand-binding domains, but differ in their functional domainsreceptor isoforms
  31. 31binding of the ligand to its receptor causesa response in the target cell
  32. 32down regulationtarget cell decreases the number of receptors
  33. 33up regulationtarget cell increases the number of receptors
  34. 34the simplest way to terminate signaling is toremove the ligand from the extracellular fluid
  35. 35the cell uses _____________ to convert the change in the shape of a receptor to a complex responsesignal transduction pathways
  36. 36all transducers have 4 important componentsreceiver, transducer, amplifier, responder
  37. 37receiverligand binding region of receptor
  38. 38transducerconformational change of the receptor
  39. 39amplifierincreases number of molecules affected by signal
  40. 40respondermolecular formula that change in response to signal
  41. 41what are the types of receptors-intracellular
    -ligand gated ion channels
    -receptor enzymes
    -G protein coupled receptors
  42. 42intracellular receptors-ligand diffuses across cell membrane
    -binds to receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus
    -LR complex binds to specific DNA sequences
    -regulates the transcription of target genes
  43. 433 domains of the intracellular receptors-ligand binding
    -DNA binding
    -transactivation
  44. 44ligand gated ion channels-ligand binds to transmembrane receptor
    -receptor changes shape opening a channel
    -ions diffuse across membrane
  45. 45receptor enzymes-ligand binds to transmembrane receptor
    -catalytic domain of receptor starts a phosphorylation cascade
    -phosphorylation of specific intracellular proteins
  46. 46G protein coupled receptors-ligand binds to transmembrane receptor
    -receptor interacts with intracellular G proteins
    -subunits of G protein dissociate
  47. 47in order to be classified as a hormone, a substance must-have signaling function
    -be transported via the circulatory system
    -bind to a specific receptor
    -exert its effects at extremely low concentrations
  48. 48sensordetects the state or level of a regulated variable and sends that info to an integrating center
  49. 49the integrating center evaluates the incoming info and sends out a signal that provokes an appropriate response in aneffector
  50. 50effectora target tissue that causes a change in the regulated variable
  51. 51negative feedback loopa change in the regulated variable causes a response in the effector that tends to return the regulated variable back to its original value
  52. 52set pointthe value of the variable that the body is trying to maintain
  53. 53positive feedback loopthe system responds to a change in the regulated variable by causing further deviation from the set point
    ex. oxytocin
  54. 54posterior pituitaryneurohypophysis
  55. 55anterior pituitaryadenohypophysis
  56. 56neurons that originate in the __________ terminate in the posterior pituitaryhypothalamus
  57. 57tropic hormonescause release of another hormone
  58. 58insulin ________ blood glucose levelslowers
  59. 59glucagon _______ blood glucose levelsraises
  60. 60additivewhen hormones cause the same response in a target cell
  61. 61synergismwhen hormones enhance affect of other hormones
  62. 62anterior pituitary secretesACTH
  63. 63adrenal cortex-secretes cortisol
    -stimulates target cells to increase blood glucose level

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Physiology Karteikarten am Chapter 4, erstellt von Claire Shields am 07/02/2017.
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Claire Shields
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