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Flashcards for Piaget topic
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- 1What is genetic epistemology in Piagetian theoryThe experimental study of the origin of knowledge (Epitsem = knowledge, ology = study)
- 2What is the clinical method and how did Piaget use it?A less structured interview based on inviting a response from a child and then investigating further how they managed to do the task at hand
- 3What is intelligence, for Piaget?A basic life function for an organism to adapt to its environment
- 4What is a cognitive equilibrium?An intellectual activity to produce a balanced relationship between thought processes and the environment
- 5Why is Piaget's theory considered an 'interactionist' approach?Mismatches between ones internal mental schemes and external environment stimulate cognitive activity and intellectual growth
- 6What does a 'constructionist' child mean?A child constructs their reality based on interactions with novel objects, and thereby gains understanding of their essential features
- 7According to Piaget what is a schemeA pattern of thought that is an enduring knowledge base by which children interpret their world. They are representations of reality.
- 8What are the two processes by which an understanding of the world is formed?Adaption and organisation
- 9What is organisation?Process by which children combine existing schemes into new and more complex schemes (e.g., visually directed reaching and grasping)
- 10What is adaption?Process of adjusting to the demands of the environment through; assimilation and accomodation
- 11Adaption: what is assimilation?Trying to interpret new experience in terms of existing models of the world or existing schemes.
- 12Adaption: what is accomodation?The modifying of existing structures in order to account for new experiences
- 13What are Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development?1) sensory motor
2) preoperational
3) concrete operations
4) formal operations - 14What are the key features of the sensorimotor stage of development (0-2yrs)
- 15At 8-24 months an infant can experiment mentally and insight into problem solving. True or false?True
- 16What is Deferred imitation?the ability to reproduce the behavior of an absent model - Piaget believed this occured at 18-24 months as kids could not mentally represent the absent model in memory
- 17What is object permanence?The idea that objects continue to exist when they are no longer visible or detectable through other senses
- 18What is an A-not-B error?This is where a child who has not developed the concept of object permanence, will look for an object where they found it previously, rather than where they saw it last
- 19Jake is 10 months old, his dad moves an attractive toy from in front of Jakes face, slowly across his plain of vision, and hides it under a cloth. Where will Jake look for the toy?Where he last found it, not where he last saw it.
- 20Ricardo is 15 months, his mother moves a toy slowly in front of his eyes and hides it under a cloth. Where will Ricardo look for the toy?Ricardo will track the toy with his eyes, and when out of sight, he will look where he last saw it, not where it was hidden
- 21Lilly is 2 years old her uncle passes a toy across her line of sight and then hides it under a cloth. Where will Lilly look for the toy?Where it is hidden.
- 22What do the Neo-Nativists think about Piaget's sensory motor stage, explain their theory?Infants are born with substantial knowledge. Something about object permanence is innate and develops early on (Baillargeon, 1987).
- 23What did Andrew Meltzoff argue about the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?It does not exist. Infants not only know more about physical properties of objects but they do so from very early life. For instance deferred imitation can support this claim.
- 24Describe Baillargeon's (1987) study on object permanence with the clown boxInfants where shown a screen which lifted up and down in an arc, they were shown a box with a clown on it just behind the screen. Once habituated that the screen could lift up and down, infants were shown the arced screen coming down towards the box. Impossible event = the screen went through the box; possible event = the screen stopped on the edge of the box
- 25What is the 'Theory theories' approach?A theory of cognitive development that combine neo-nativism and constructivism, cognitive development requires children making theories, testing them and changing their theories about the physical and social world
- 26The key marker of the preoperational period of cognitive development is symbolic function, what is this?The ability to make one thing - a word or object - stand for amd represent something else
- 27What is representational insight?The knowledge that an entity can stand for (represent) something other than itself
- 28If symbolic function is one hall mark of the preoperational stage, what is the other?Pretend play - the ultimate symbolic function aside from language
- 29What is dual representation?The ability to represent an objective simultaneously as an object itself and as a representation of something else (e.g., using a scale model of a room to find a toy in the real room - works for 3yr olds, not for 2.5year olds)
- 30What is animism?Attributing life and lifelike qualities to inanimate objects (e.g., a 4yr old believed the wind blew on him because he was hot)
- 31What is the most striking deficit in children's preoperational reasoning?Egocentrism - The tendency to view the world from one's own perspective while failing to recognize that others may have different view points
- 32What is the appearance reality distinction?Young children's egocentric focus on the way things appear to be make it nearly impossible for them to distinguish appearances from reality (e.g., Maynard the cat dressed as a dog is now a dog)
- 33What is dual encoding in the reality distinction?Inability for children to understand an object can be represented in more than one way (e.g., sponge painted a rock)
- 34What is centration?The tendency for preopertional children to attend to one aspect of a situation to the exclusion of others; contrasted with decentration
- 35What is conservation?The recognition that the properties of an object or a substance do not change when its appearance is altered in some superficial way
- 36What is reversabilityThe ability to reverse, or negate, an action b mentally performing the opposite action
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- These are flashcards for the topic of Piaget, from developmental psychology PPP2011
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- Sam Webb
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