Developmental Psych

Exam notesChapter 1 potential short answer questions   Describe the life-span perspective The life-span perspective is a balanced view of development that believes in multidimensional, multidirectional, and pastic development. Discuss 2 methods for studying human development One method is a logitudinal study following several people throughout their lives. Another method of study is the clinical interview, where a person has a discussion with a clinician in a structured or unstructured method Half-page per response -- make it clear you understand Explain in a technical way -- proper vocabulary etc Chapter 3 Short Answer     Describe two periods of newborn development Prenatal - zygote (blastocyst from zygote) - May burrow into uterine lining - amnion, chorion, yolk sac forms etc -- relatively safe from teratogens, embryo, fetus.  Age of viability, teratogens - Accutane, FAS, malnutrition. Discuss the newborn baby's capacities (chapter heading)   Non-essential topics: (NOT responsible for these sections)     1. History of human development 1. Scientific beginnings (p14-15) 1. Mid-20th Century Theories (p15-20) 1. Recent Theoretical Perspectives (p20-26)   2. ALL 3. Approaches to Childbirth (p98-100) 3. Medical Interventions (p100-101) 4. All 5. Individual Differences in Early Mental Development (169-174) 7. No motor development (223-226) 7. Language Development (248-251) 8. All 9. All Week 1: Day 1   Syllabus digital (office room 209) Skipping chapters 2, 4, 8, 9 (note syllabus) Assignments     Do 2/3 assignments (all 3 drops lowest grade) Chapter 1 Notes     Lifespan Development * Patterns of growth from womb to tomb * How people change and don't change over time Basic Issues * Nature v Nurture Week 1: Day 2 Pop Quizzes     Discuss what scenes from a tv show explain human development to class (replace pop quiz score) Chapter 1 Notes, continued     Homosexuality related to number of siblings for males MAOA levels (enzyme) directly correlates to violent crime: low levels = higher incidence Periods of development |Prenatal - conception to birth |Infancy/toddler - birth to 2 |Early childhood - 2-6 |Middle childhood - 6-11 |Adolescence - 11-18 |Early adulthood - 18-40 |Middle adulthood - 40-65 |Late adulthood - 65-death Longitudinal - same group over different ages (different time) Cross-sectional - different groups at same time Sequential - Several similar cross/long at varying times Cohorts Chapter 3 Notes     Conception and Implantation Periods of Prenatal Development |Zygote - 2 weeks - Fertilization, impantation, start of placenta |Embryo - 6 weeks - Arms, legs, face, organs, muscles all develop, heart begins beating |Fetus - 30 weeks - Growth and finishing Week 1: Day 3     First out of class assignment details Use APA (he doesn't care though) At least 2 pages typed (double space ok) Professional language (avoid first person) | Address this question: friend comes to you looking for recommendations for where they can find information; more about pregnancy or newborn (any category; physical, cognitive, etc) -- UP TO A YEAR OF AGE | How would you answer their question; what websites or books should they read; explain why recommendation is good | example: teratogens list on Purdue; explaining why impossible to be complete master | example: march of dimes and thalidomide | CDC on effects/treatment ||| Recommendation of 3 different sources to help them; 3 sources, and why you would recommend that source -- and works cited ||| Physical or digital file is acceptable (email) -- JUNE 29 Chapter 3 Notes, Continued     Factors affecting teratogens and harm Dose Heredity Age during exposure Birth weight vs. adult breast cancer risk -- positive correlation Complications and maternal age -- later age, more problems Pregnancy length -- longer is better Recommended gain: 25-35 pounds Father age - indicates autism, current...

Skipping Chapter 8, Chapter 9 Week 3 Day 1 TEST DAY  Week 3 - Day 2 First out of class assignment due soon Skip Readings... Chapter 10 Moral Development 336-339 Some Common Problems of Development 352-end of chapter Chapter 11 Puberty: The physical transition 363-368 Sex Differences in mental ability 388-390 Chapter 12 Problems of development  421-end   Notes Chapter 10 Competence / Industry v inferiority -- competition in school-age children 6 Years to puberty Child wants to work on their own Learning on their own School "What is an inferiority complex * Industry Developing sense of competence at useful skills school provides opportunities * Inferiority Pessimism and lack of confidence in own ability to do things well Family environment, teachers, and peers can contribute to negative feelings   Self-Esteem * Academic * Social competence * Physical/athletic competence * Physical appearance failure in sports doesn't affect self-esteem Much misinterpretation of Erikson due to self-esteem point What influence self-esteem * Culture Child-rearing processes Attributions (mastery-oriented, learned helplessness)   Demand v responsive chart and parenting styles Auth, Auth, Perm, Uninvolved Achievement-related attributions                                  Reason for success                                 Reason for failure Mastery                              Ability                                                         Controllable by working hard Learned helplessness      External factors                                        Ability - cannot be changed Some encourage learned helplessness because it feels kinder to the child story about japanese students working together  - teacher stands in front of room, students stand as they finish and help each other. one struggling the most comes up front in non-punitive way LH -  women in math resilience - kids keep trying to improve Waiting to teach resilience doesn't help since grades continually get more difficult Influences on Achievement-related attributions Parents too-high standards believe child incapable trait statements Teachers Learning v perofrmance goals Gender influences SES, ethnicity * Don't make trait statements (you did something stupid, not you are stupid, lazy etc) (I know you can do better) Changes in self-concept during middle childhood More balanced, less all-or-none desciprionts Social comparisons ideal vs real self * Parenting role on self-esteem Authoritative style best American culture values focus on self, can lead to overindulgence Paradox: less achievement behaviors, more antisocial behaviors Unjustified,unwarranted feedback results in unwanted behaviors Week 3 Day 3 2nd assignment details: DUE JULY 13 Every generation thinks the world is going to hell based on the next generation Write a paper about any difference between adolescence and young adults (18-30) and some possible reasons for this difference between previous  generations and today  Explain difference and where it is coming from - restaurants are scared Research on narcissism -- higher currently over previous generations 2 pages - double spaced and typed style doesn't matter, just content and it's clear with what the research is showing 3 Sources Chapter 10 Notes, continued Bullies and Victims Bullies...

Week 4 DAY 1 (ONLY 2 THIS WEEK) Notes Erikston's theory Identity vs role confusion Identity Adolescents must start the process of defining who they are Those who resolved earlier stages positively will struggle less   Role Confusion Many struggle to define themselves Become confused about their identity May isolate themselves from others May try to lose themselves in the crowd   Marcia Identity status Commitment vs exporation Moratorium is not a bad thing for adolescents   Factors that affect identity development Personality (flexible, open-minded) Child-rearing (authoritative, securely attached) Peers, firends Schools Communities   Women affected more by self-esteem hit during adolescence, and never reaches the before-puberty level   Self-Esteem in Adolescence Continues to gain new dimensions Close friendship, romantic appeal, job competence Parenting style affects quality and stability of self-esteem   Common Factors of adolescent suicide Depression Family conflicts History of abuse and/or neglect Drug and alcohol abuse   Adolescents are moody    Family Ties: Changing Relations with Relations Parental views questioned Role shifts Cultural factors --other cultures do not expect adolescent rebellion   Quest for Autonomy Adolescents seek autonomy   Gender intensification in adolescence Increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior Biological, social, cognitive factors "Jackson Katz - Touch Guyz Intro" youtube   Benefits of Adolescent friendships Opportunities to explore self Form deep understanding of another Foundation for future intimate relationships Help deal with life stress Can improve attitude toward and involvement in school   Kohlberg criticism * Not everyone moves out of 3-4

For the test: bring in a list of 7 questions from the list for the test (one from each of the chapters) **************************************** 10 Describe Erikson's stage of industry v inferiority Discuss the impact of divorce or blended families on children 11 Discuss the psychological impact of puberty Describe Piaget's formal operations stage 12 Discuss identity development in adolescents Summarize moral development in adolescence OR the importance of peers in adolescence 13. Describe How thinking may change in adulthood Describe the psychological impact of attending college 14 Describe either Erikson's stage of intimacy v isolation or one of the other theories of adult psychosocial development Discuss the diversity of modern adult lifestyles Week 5 Day 2 492-end career development Notes Adulthood more difficult than earlier time periods (Holmes and Rahe stress inventory) brings change and new choices (banana george blair exhibition at 85) Many historical patterns for adults are changing Young adults today are different from previous generations Are attitudes towards marriage changing? -- seen as a party celebration not a union When/if people have children When/if buying a house Start a lifetime career For many, transitioning into adulthood is a longer process Jelly experiment   Cognitive changes in early adulthood Piaget Adulthood comes more experience and increased use of formal operations Perry Epistemic cognition Change from dualistic thinking to relativistic thinking Contributing factors: Opportunities to tackle challenging ill-structured problems (no clear right or wrong) peer interaction (other intelligent people who may disagree) metacognition    Labouvie-Vief Pragmatic thought Cognitive-affective complexity Development of pragmatic thought Adulthood brings... Increased experience with real-world problems New ways of thinking that thrive on contradiction and compromise Increase in cognitive-affective complexity.... Adult roles often evoke a mixture of positive and negative feelings More roles one takes on, the more complex the mixture of thoughts and feelings   How information is used: Schaie's Stages childhood - acquisitive stage Young adult - Achieving Middle adult - Executive / Responsible stage Late adulthood - Reintegrative stage   Life events and cognitive development Major life events may lead to cognitive growth Think about the world in novel, more complex, sophisticated, and often less rigid ways   Post-formal thinking Young adults less egocentric than adolescents Young adults more relativistic but ideally capable of making commitments in their relativistic world Cognitively healthy adult is more willing to compromise and cope with the world as it is No scientific agreement is there is a stage past Piaget's formal operations   College: Pursuing Higher Education Nationwide, a minority of students enter college immediately after graduation Only 40% of those who start, graduate college in 4 years Race and gender variables influence   Who goes to college? More older, returning students than in the past Average age of community college students is higher than 4 year College degree is becoming increasingly important in obtaining and keeping jobs   Dropping out of college 44% 2 year, 32% 4 year (us) Personal reasons (preparation, motivation, skills, financial, low SES) Institutional factors (few support services) Early support crucial Lack of college graduates can negatively impact communities   Chapter 15 Erikson's view of young adulthood Intimacy v Isolation Intimacy - relationship based on strong emotional connection to others Isolation - feelings of loneliness and fearful of truly intimate relationships Young adults often worry that being in a relationship will result in the loss or negative evaluation of identity (fear of closeness) Failure to develop intimacy lead to promiscuity or exclusion rejecting relationship and those who have them...

Assignment #3: (if I did well on #2 don't need to do it) -- Due July 31  * Related to aging and adulthood * Purely informative paper about any topic related to death and dying that you want to learn about / talk about / share Day 1 - Test Day 2:  Chapter 15 15: 525 - vocational life and cognitive development 16: 553-end of 16 17: 597 (cognitive interventions) 18: 629-632 (retirement) SA. 15 * Describe some of the common physical changes that occur in middle age * Describe some of the changes in mental abilities that occur in middle age SA. 16 * Describe how personality may change during middle age * Discuss how relationships may change during middle age SA. 17 * Discuss the importance of nutrition and exercise on aging * Summarize either the changes in memory or language processing that can occur during late adulthood SA. 18 * Describe either Erikson's theory of ego integrity/despair or Peck's Tasks of ego integrity * Describe some of the social theories of aging SA 19 * Summarize how attitudes towards death change with age * Discuss a person's "right to die" Chapter 15 The Challenges of Aging At what age is a person old?   Middle adulthood 40-65 Contemporary view: midpoint, not end of life   Muscle-fat makeup in middle adulthood Middle-age spread common; fat gain in torso Gradual muscle decline Can be avoided * Low-fat diet fruit, vegetable, grain * exercise, especially resistance training   Climacteric and menopause Gradual end of fertility * Menopause follows 10-year climacteric * Age range from late 30s to late 50s * earliest in no-childbearing women, smokers Drop in estrogen * Shorter monthly cycles, eventually stop * Can cause problems (sexual functioning, cholesterol)   Double standard of aging Men rated more positively, women more negatively Evolutionary roots; media, social messages   Cohort effects in verbal abilities * Cross-sectional studies showed older subjects scored less than younger subjects, peaking at 18, then declining * Longitudinal study proves abilities stay the same roughly over lifespan - stable, increasing until mid30s, some to mid50s, then declined   Individual and group factors in high intelligence scores Lifestyle High Education Complex job or leisure Lasting marriage high SES   Personal Flexible personality healthy gender cohort perceptual speed       Week 6 Day 3 Fluid v crystallized intelligence Attention part of fluidity that fades Role of friendships on longevity  Week 6 Day 4 Generativity v. Stagnation G: Thoughts of death put aside, lasting happiness (time to give back) S: Sense they've done nothing for next generation Research supports Erikson's theory   Levinson's Stages Preadulthood 0-22 Early adulthood 22-45 Midlife transition 40-45 Middle adulthood 40-60 Late adulthood 60-?    Stages of Adulthood How pervasive are midlife crisis? 40's reassess record the truth about adolescent and adult Only minority of adults experience crisis General well-being and life satisfaction tend to be high during midlife One study found 25$ of adults experienced midlife crisis Negative life events, not aging Adult experts generally agree crises is exaggerated   Limitations of Levinson Conclusions based on people born in older cohort with stable families and careers Sampled few non-college low SES adults (esp women) Middle-aged participants might not have remembered accurately, self assessment Studies of new gens with diverse SES are needed    The Family life cycle Sequence of phases that characterizes development of most families * In early adulthood, people live on their own, marry, have children * Middle age, children leave home parental responsibilities lessen * Late adulthood retirement, aging, death of spouse   Love and Marriage Romantic Love (strong in early adulthood) Affectionate Love (middle adulthood)   Empty Nest Most couples feel better when kids move out  

Parenthood Being childless is more accepted People having fewer children Decision to have children Women with traditional role are more likely to have children more thinking about financial implications of having children   Singlehood Individuals not living with intimate partner Men in bluecollar jobs and women in demanding careers overrepresented after age 30 Advantages (freedom/mobility) Disadvantages Loneliness, limited sexual/social life, reduced sense of security ,exclusion from world of married couples   Grandparenting Grandmothers have more contact with gc than grandfathers Role and functions vary in  family ethnic group, culture   Divorce Disrupted relationships Other: Young age at marriage Different religious beliefs Previously divorced   Age and the brain smaller/lighter with age Space between skull and brain doubles from 20-70 Number of neurons decline in some parts of the brain, but not as much as previously thought   75 year old heart pumps less than 75% of blood during early adulthood Efficiency of respiratory system declines with age Digestive system produces less digestive juice and less efficient in pushing food through the system (more constipation)   Alzheimer's symptoms Gradual Forgetfulness first Affect recent memories first, then older memories fade Causes confusion, inability to speak intelligibly or recognize closest family members Loss of voluntary control of muscles occurs   Quality of life Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) Basic self-care tasks Bathing, dressing, eating Instrumental Activities of daily living (IADLs) Conducting business of everyday life Require cognitive competence shopping, food preparation, housekeeping   Psych/mental disorders Common Depression Drug-induced disorders Not just alcohol   Chronic illness Most older people have one+ chronic illness Arthritis Inflammation of one or more joins, common, 50% of older people Hypertension High blood pressure 33% of older people   Gender differences Women experiene more non-life threatening illnesses, but men face more serious illness Women smoke less, drink less alcohol, less dangerous jobs Medical research has typically studied diseases of men with all male samples; the medical community only now beginning to study women's health issues   Deliberate vs automatic memory Deliberate Recall more difficult Content helps retrieval, slower processing, smaller working memory make context harder to encode   Automatic Recognition easier than recall More environmental support Implicit memory better than deliberate memory without conscious awareness Depends on familarity (Freudian) Ego-integrity versus despair Last stage of Erikson Creates wisdom if successful   Despair Occurs when people feel dissatisfied with their life, and experience gloom, unhappiness, depression, anger, or the feeling that they have failed Can result in bitterness and unwillingness to accept aging and death   Integrity vs despair Individual experiences sense or mortality Manifests as a review of life and career In response to retirement, death of spouse or close friends, or changing social roles Reminiscence or introspection is most productive when experienced with significant others Outcome of this life-career reminiscence can be either positive or negative   Peck: Three tasks of Ego Integrity * Ego differentiation versus work-role preoccupation People must redefine themselves in ways that do not relate to their work-roles or occupations Why might it be difficult for one to find a new role in late adulthood?   * Body transcendence versus body preoccupation Individuals   undergo changes in their physical identity as they age Peck: we must learn to cope with and move beyond these physical changes (transcendence) Why is this so difficult? loss of independence   * Ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation People must come to grips with their coming death If people in late...

Final Wednesday Day 1 Chapter 19 US Societal changes Early 1900s...  "comfort" die of infection at home family caregiver death short and sudden    Today... "cure/delay" die of chronic illness at institutions institution staff as caregiver, not always well-trained to do this (trained to cure) death prolonged   What is death? (with medical advancements) Brain death All activity in brain/stem stopped irreversible   Persistent vegetative state Activity in cerebral cortex stopped brain stem still active    Concept of death Permanence Inevitability Cessation Applicability Causation    Early childhood Don't completely understand permanence of death, universality, lack of functioning Facts that affect understanding: * Experience with death * Religious teachings   Adolescence More experienced with death and grief More mature understanding of death * Problems applying idea to their lives - High-risk activities - View as abstract state   Early adult * Avoidance * Death anxiety * Death considered distant Middle adulthood * Begin to think of death * Aware of limited time left to live * Focus on tasks to be completed Late adulthood * Think and talk more of death * Practical concern about how and when    What results in less anxiety? * Goals fulfilled * Feel as if one has lived a long life * Have come to terms with finality * Prior experience with death   Kubler-Ross Theory DABDA * Stages are not a fixed sequence * May cause insensitivity by caregivers * Best seen as coping strategies   Seven Stages * Shock/disbelief * Denial * Anger * Bargaining * Guilt * Depression * Acceptance / hope    Communicating with Dying People Be truthful (diagnosis, course of disease) Listen perceptively Acknowledge feelings Maintain realistic hope Assist final transition    Day 2 Factors that influence thoughts about dying Cause of death (nature of disease) Personality Coping style Family members' behavior Health professionals' behavior Spirituality and religion Culture   Traditional places of death Home * most preferred * Only 25% die at home * Need adequate caregiver support Hospital * Intensive care unit can be depersonalizing Nursing Home * Focus usually not on terminal care   Hospice Approach Comprehensive support for dying and their families * family and patient as a unit * team care * palliative (comfort) care * home or homelike * bereavement help   Advance Medical Directives * Written statement of desired medical treatment in case of incurable illness * Living Will: specifies desired treatments * Durable power of attorney - authorizes another person to make healthcare decision on one's behalf - more flexible than living will - can ensure partner's role in decision making even in relationships not sanctioned by law   Difficult grief situations * Parents losing child * Children or adolescents losing a parent * Adults losing an intimate partner * Bereavement overload   Bowlby 4 stages of grief *Numbness *Yearning *Disorganization and despair *Reorganization   Resolving Grief * Give yourself permission to feel the loss * Accept social support * Be realistic about course of grieving * Remember the deceased * When ready, engage in new activities and relationships. Master tasks of daily living.