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Reference Systems
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Questions in this quiz (14)
1The definition of a reference state includes
- ATheoretically, a stable end point where ‘success’ achieved
- BCompare images of identical scale to measure change in object type, number, size, shape, or total area
- CChange over time in stream-flow, lake-level, temperature, precip, etc
- DPractically, a state at or beyond a threshold where similarity occurs
2Measurements of restored states are compared to reference states:
- AAnalogous ecosite classification or published standard
- BHistorical state measured at the same location (before & after)
- CMonitoring adjacent undisturbed location (control & impact)
- DAll of the above
3References States can be obtained from published sources (such as books, maps, tables and graphs) provide analoges
- ATrue
- BFalse
4Aerial Photography
- AOlder photos (1920s-1970s) only monochrome (black & white) photo, now modern photos & satellites multi-spectral (infrared, true colour)
- BVertical images overlapping 30-60% allows 3-D view to measure elevation, tree height, slope angle, and slope aspect
- CPrecise interpretation separates objects based on shape, size, colour, texture, grain, and juxtaposition
- DAccurate interpretation requires ground-truth or expert knowledge
5To detect change with aerial photography:
~ Compare images of identical scale to measure change in object type, number, size, shape, or total area
~Used to set restoration targets for forest:grassland ratio & reforesting- ATrue
- BFalse
6Climate and hydrometric station data
- AChange over time in stream-flow, lake-level, temperature, precip, etc
- BCompare two or more years
- CUsed to visualize restored states but no quantitative value
- DUsed to set restoration or adaptation targets
7Landscape photographs
- ASame location, composition, time of year
- BCompare two or more years
- CUsed to visualize restored states but no quantitative value
- DOccasionally paintings or drawings are compared, but unreliable
- EUsed to set restoration or adaptation targets
8Government Land Survey Records
- AUSA & Canada 1850 to 1925, detailed field notes and maps
- BUsed to set restoration targets for forest:grassland ratio, and forest composition
- CTree ring patterns identify fire history (frequency, intensity, season)
- DUsed to set restoration targets for prescribed burn frequency
9Dendrochronology
- ATree ring patterns identify fire history (frequency, intensity, season)
- BUsed to set restoration targets for prescribed burn frequency
- CUSA & Canada 1850 to 1925, detailed field notes and maps
- DUsed to set restoration targets for forest:grassland ratio, and forest composition
10Palynology uses lake sediment or peatland cores, to examine pollen, charcoal, and C14 dates, & interpret past vegetation, climate, and fire.
- ATrue
- BFalse
11Stratigraphy of paleosols buried by metals, sand dunes, alluvium, or colluvium, reveal past climate, fire, and grazing effects
- ATrue
- BFalse
12Novel Ecosystems
- ANewly created by indirect or direct human activity
- BNo historical reference equivalency
- COften an invasive alien species and drastic land disturbance initiate change, irreversible due to strong feedback
- DEnergy and $ can be wasted trying to reverse the trend
- EAcceptance and adaptation may be more efficient and effective
13What risks are there of taking a purely historical approach to reference ecosystems?
- Present not the same as past- ATrue
- BFalse
14What is the “slippery slope” to which they refer?
~ Human centered ambititions?
~ Makes human activities not seem as bad- ATrue
- BFalse
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- Description
- Biology 420E Quiz on Reference Systems , created by Amy Akizuki on 07/12/2018.
- Author
- Amy Akizuki
- Language
- English
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