Climate Change Assignment 3

1. 1Why did it take over a billion years for the atmospheric oxygen to start to accumulate in the atmosphere?

   1. A respiration rates were much higher which removed the oxygen
   2. Bthe oxygen was converted to ozone by the stronger sun
   3. Cthe oxygen was consumed by iron in the rocks
   4. Dphotosynthesis was too weak to create oxygen
   5. E. outgassing of oxygen from the Earth’s mantle did not begin until the Phanerozoic
2. 2When did the first life forms appear on Earth?

   1. A4.6 billion years ago
   2. B3.6 billion years ago
   3. C2.6 billion years ago
3. 3When did the last “snowball” Earth occur?

   1. A600 million years ago
   2. B400 million years ago
   3. C200 million years ago
4. 4Which process helps to stabilize surface temperatures on geological time scales?

   1. Avolcanism increases with temperature
   2. Bvolcanism decreases with temperature
   3. Cweathering decreases with temperature
   4. Dweathering increases with temperature
5. 5Which of the following is not a factor in explaining the high carbon dioxide concentrations during the Cretaceous?

   1. Afaster sea floor spreading
   2. Bincrease aerosol loading of the stratosphere
   3. Ccontinental shelves were under water
   4. Dvigorous mountain building
6. 6What was the main permanent effect of the asteroid strike about 65 million years ago?

   1. Astart of the cooling period
   2. Bthe Permian-Eocene Thermal Maximum
   3. Cmovement of the India subcontinent plate towards Asia
   4. Dmass extinction of life
7. 7How are continuous global temperature time series determined over the past 65 million years?

   1. Aice core analysis of isotopes
   2. Boxygen isotope analysis in the deep ocean
   3. Cfrom global climate models that are run in paleoclimate mode
8. 8What initiated the global cooling that started about 50 million years ago?

   1. Aasteroid impact
   2. Bweakening of solar output
   3. CIndia colliding with Asia
9. 9What causes the periodic ice ages experienced during the last one millions years?

   1. Avariations in Earth’s orbit
   2. Bvariations in global sea level
   3. Cvariations in solar output
10. 10What is the approximate current periodicity of ice ages?

    1. A10,000 years
    2. B41,000 years
    3. C100,000 years
    4. D400,000 years

11. 11How much lower was the global sea level at the last glacial maximum?

    1. A7 meters
    2. B10 meters
    3. C80 meters
    4. D120 meters
12. 12What was the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration during the last glacial maximum?

    1. A300 ppm
    2. B280 ppm
    3. C190 ppm
13. 13How do we know the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations during the last glacial maximum?
    

    1. Aanalysis of ice core air bubbles
    2. Bfrom global climate model paleo-simulations
    3. Cdeduced from the temperature record
    4. Danalysis of isotopes in ocean sediments
14. 14Where does the atmospheric carbon dioxide get stored during the ice age oscillations?

    1. Adeep ocean sediments
    2. Bdeep ocean waters
    3. Cshallow ocean waters
15. 15What directly causes the ocean salinity around Greenland to lower?

    1. Aincrease in melting Greenland ice
    2. Bincrease in deep water formation
    3. Cincrease in carbon dioxide diffusing into the ocean
16. 16What is a typical time scale for the North Atlantic salt oscillator to undergo one cycle?

    1. A50 years
    2. B500 years
    3. C5, 000 years
17. 17Which of the following favours stronger summer monsoonal rains?

    1. Ahigher surface pressure over land than over the oceans
    2. Bwarmer ocean temperatures than land temperatures
    3. Cconvergence of surface winds over the oceans
    4. Dstrong upward motions over the oceans
    5. Enone of the above
18. 18When did the mid-Pliocene period occur?

    1. A30 million years ago
    2. B3 million years ago
    3. C24,000 years ago
    4. D14, 000 years ago
19. 19What was most different during the mid-Pliocene compared to the present day?

    1. Aatmospheric carbon dioxide concentration was higher
    2. Bthe Atlantic ocean basin was smaller
    3. Cglobal sea level was higher
    4. Dthere was no ice on the Antarctic continent
20. 20When did the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum occur?

    1. A3 million years ago
    2. B30 million years ago
    3. C55 million years ago
21. 21Why did the temperatures warm quickly during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum?

    1. Arapid release of carbon from organic sources
    2. Bslow down of the thermohaline circulation
    3. Cpositive feedback from melting ice sheets
    4. Dmassive volcanism in geologically active areas
22. 22Which one of the following is most similar between weather forecast and global climate models?

    1. Aocean dynamics
    2. Buse of conservation principles
    3. Cinitial value problem
    4. Dhorizontal resolution
23. 23Which of the following is least important in explaining the eventual breakdown of a weather forecast from a numerical model?

    1. Ainitial conditions
    2. Bnonlinear chaos
    3. Ccloud parameterization
    4. Dinteractive sea surface temperature
24. 24Why is it necessary to use parameterizations of cloud processes instead of the fundamental physical equations?

    1. Aclimate is determined by averaging the weather
    2. Bthere are no fundamental equations for cloud processes
    3. Cmost of the processes are sub-grid scale
25. 25Why is the water vapour feedback positive?

    1. Awater vapour has a high heat capacity
    2. Bsaturation vapour pressure increases with temperature
    3. Cwhen water vapour exceeds saturation clouds will form
26. 26Which climate feedback is of greatest concern for Arctic warming?

    1. Acloud
    2. Bwater vapour
    3. Cice albedo
    4. Dvegetation
27. 27Which of the following will result in the most additional positive radiative forcing?

    1. Amore thin cirrus clouds
    2. Bless thin cirrus clouds
    3. Cmore cumulus clouds
    4. Dmore thick cumulus clouds
28. 28What is the assumed time scale associated with the definition of equilibrium climate sensitivity?

    1. A70 years
    2. B200 years
    3. C1000 years
    4. D10,000 years
29. 29What is the assumed time scale associated with the definition of transient climate response?

    1. A10 years
    2. B70 years
    3. C1000 years
    4. D10,000 years
30. 30What is the best average value for the equilibrium climate sensitivity?

    1. A3.0oC
    2. B2.5oC
    3. C2.0oC
    4. D1.5oC
31. 31Which of the following is least important in creating a lag in the climate system response?

    1. Aocean warming
    2. Bdeep ocean circulation
    3. Cbiosphere changes
    4. Dcloud changes
32. 32 What is the main advantage of plotting the amount of global warming as a function of the cumulative anthropogenic emissions since pre-industrial times?

    1. Athe line slope is proportional to the CO2 concentration
    2. Bthe radiative forcing becomes independent of the amount of warming
    3. Call scenarios lie on the same line
33. 33Which energy source has the highest carbon energy intensity?

    1. Aoil
    2. Bbiomass
    3. Ccoal
    4. Dnatural gas
34. 34How many people in the world did not have access to electricity in 2008?

    1. A1.5 million
    2. B150 million
    3. C500 million
    4. D1.5 billion
35. 35Which region obtains the greatest fraction of its energy from coal?

    1. ANorth America
    2. BPacific Asia
    3. CAfrica
    4. DSouth America
36. 36Why has it been so hard globally to decarbonize and grow the economy at the same time?

    1. Athe population is growing too fast
    2. Bthe standard of living is inversely related to carbon emissions
    3. Cgrowth depends on fossil fuel energy
37. 37What is the main reason for the slowdown in the decarbonization rate globally over the last 10 years?

    1. Alage increase in coal use
    2. Bcontinued rapid economic growth in the industrialized countries
    3. Ccost of finding new oil and gas is rising rapidly
38. 38Which of the following is not an energy unit?

    1. Ajoule
    2. Bkilocalorie
    3. Cmegawatts
    4. Dkilowatt-hour per day
    5. Enone of the above
39. 39Which of the following substances has the greatest amount of embodied energy?

    1. Aaluminum
    2. Bcement
    3. Csteel
40. 40Which of the following is not a factor in the Kaya Identity?

    1. Apopulation
    2. Benergy GDP
    3. CGDP per capita
    4. Dcarbon dioxide concentration
41. 41How is it possible for a country’s standard of living (affluence) to decline even though the GDP is increasing?

    1. Acost of energy increases rapidly
    2. Bpopulation increasing faster than GDP
    3. Ccurrency crash compared to other countries
42. 42At what value do experts believe the global population should level off?

    1. A7-8 billon
    2. B9-11 billion
    3. C12-15 billion
43. 43Roughly what is the annual global population growth rate?

    1. A4 %
    2. B2 %
    3. C1 %
44. 44What have global fossil fuel and cement emissions of CO2 done from 2012 to 2013?

    1. Astayed about the same
    2. Bincreased 5%
    3. Cincreased 2.5%

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Quiz on Climate Change Assignment 3, created by emycorca on 08/12/2014.

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