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MGTA FQ
Questions in this quiz (71)
1The Portuguese ANSP wants to have a quick estimation of the capacity of its network for the forecast traffic of 2025. Which technique is more suitable for the task?
- AJudgment analysis, because it is faster and has a global scope
- BFast time simulations, because it will not require the implication of air traffic controllers
- CReal time simulations, because it is faster than the other techniques for network analysis
- DReal time simulations, because it’s more accurate
2In the United States, when there is a lack of capacity at a given airport and the capacity cannot be accommodated, a ground delay program (GDP) is defined because:
- AThe time the passengers are in the air is maximized
- BGround delay are preferred over air delay only due to their lower cost
- CAir delay are preferred because they are a better approach to deal with capacity-demand imbalances in order to maximize the throughput of the airport
- DBy doing ground delay, the workload of the controllers at the TMAs is reduced
3Assuming that the AAR at a given airport is known. Being t the time when the GDP is defined (file time), as t increases, the number of affected flights (controlled flights):
- AIncreases, dividing the delay between more planes
- BRemains constant. Therefore, it is better to define the GDP as late as possible to reduce the uncertainty
- CDecreases, therefore the average delay per delayed aircraft increases
- DDecreases, therefore the total delay assigned is reduced
4In the genetic algorithm optimization technique, the linear transformation of the objective function prior to the fitness function:
- AReduces the probabilities of a quick convergence, and therefore, maximizes the possibilities of finding a global optima
- BIt is a method to transform a multi-objective problem into a single-objective problem
- CIt is only used when instead of a minimization the algorithm is used to maximize the problem
- DEnsures there are not negative values but can lead to a quick convergence
5An airport has a capacity that is lower than its demand. In order to minimize the amount of ground delay assigned to the aircraft, a RBS algorithm is used. The same problem is solved by using integer programming (IP).
- ABoth solutions will minimize the amount of total delay assigned (same amount of delay) but the solution computed with IP will be fairer
- BIP will probably assign less total delay than RBS, and therefore IP is preferable
- CRBS will have the same amount of total delay as IP
- DRBS will probably assign less total delay than IP, and therefore RBS is preferable
6An airport has a capacity that is lower than its demand. In order to minimize the amount of ground delay assigned to the aircraft, a RBS algorithm is used. The same problem is solved using IP, for example using a GHP formulation.
- ABoth solutions will minimize the amount of total delay assigned (same amount of delay) but the solution is not guaranteed to be feasible
- BIP will probably assign less total delay than RBS, and therefore IP is preferable
- CRBS will have the same amount of total delay as IP
- DRBS will probably assign less total delay than IP, and therefore RBS is preferable
7For a given airspace (i.e. a FIR):
- AThe number of sectors changes dynamically as a function of the demand according to the Opening Scheme
- BReal-time simulations are used to determine the best sector configuration (opening scheme) for the next hours of operations
- CThe convexity constraint when constructing a new sectorization ensures that a flight will be a minimum amount of time in the sector
- DThe genetic algorithms are the only technique used to generate the best sectorization for the airspace
8With the introduction of Free Routes and User-preferred routings:
- AThe capacity of the airspace increases because the traffic is less structured
- BThe ANSP suggest to the airlines direct routes between the published waypoints
- CA higher interoperability between actors is required
- DIt is only possible in oceanic tracks
9With the introduction of Free Routes and User-preferred routings:
- AThe capacity of the airspace may increase because the probability of having conflicts has been found to be lower (traffic is less structured)
- BThe ANSP suggests to the airlines direct routes between the published waypoints
- CThe Airspace Users are not required to file a flight plan
- DIt is only possible in oceanic tracks
10The factors that affect the en-route capacity of the airspace are:
- ASpatial-Geometrical factors (such as the training of the ATC), the controllability (such as the work of the pilot), and the capacity resilience.
- BSpatial-Geometrical factors (such as the airspace configuration), the controllability (such as the work of the pilot), and the capacity resilience.
- CSpatial-Geometrical factors (such as the training of the ATC), the controllability (such as the flow management), and the capacity resilience.
- DNone of the previous answers.
11One of the characteristics of judgmental analysis to estimate the capacity of a system is:
- AIt does not require the involvement of the ATCO as in real time simulations
- BIt has a higher cost than real time simulations
- CIt requires more time than fast time simulations
- DIt has a higher transferability than fast time simulations
12If instead of a Ration-By-Schedule policy a Ration-By-Distance policy is used:
- AThe total delay assigned is minimized
- BThe delay each passenger suffers is minimized
- CIf the GDP is not cancelled before the planned ending time, less delay is realized than in the RBS policy
- DIf the GDP is cancelled before the planned ending time, less delay is realized than in the RBS policy
13Stochastic models aimed at optimally solving the GHP imply:
- Ato maintain capacity constraints of the deterministic version of the GHP
- Bto find the optimal ground delay to be assigned to flights in order to respect a probabilistic AAR
- Cto define the probability of occurrence of AAR profiles, based on a limited number of scenarios
- Da computational intractability, due to an exponential growth of the decision variables
14Indicate which one of the following is a ground-based safety net:
- AMTCD
- BSTCA
- CTCAS
- DSee and Avoid
15Which of the following systems is a separation provision one:
- ASTCA
- BACAS II
- CMTCD
- Dsee and avoid
16 The allocation of IATA slot at a coordinated airport:
- AIs based on a negotiation process between Airlines and Airport Operators
- BIs based on the minimization of scheduling delays
- CIs based on historical assignment
- DDoes not allow airlines to exchange slots
17Currently in Europe the ATFM initiatives:
- AAssign a slot to each affected flight based on original ETO
- BAssign a slot to each affected flight based on the original CTOT
- CConstrain the arrival time of the affected flights
- DAre used only in special cases of airport congestion
18In Genetic Algorithms, the objective function:
- AMust return a value that is always positive and bounded between 0 and 2
- BIs applied to the phenotype
- CIs applied to the genotype
- DReturns the number of trials an individual can expect to receive
19Genetic Algorithms:
- AAlways require a fitness function to rank the individuals in a population
- BCan find an optimal solution whenever the generation gap is close to 1
- CCan optimize the problem’s objective function according to the information of the genotype
- DAre a class of metaheuristic algorithms to solve complex problems
20In the genetic algorithm optimization technique, a fitness function:
- AIs always needed when minimizing
- BIs the only technique available to deal with multi-objective optimization
- CIs not needed when the objective function is always negative
- DIs generally the objective function multiplied by a scalar
21In GA, the fitness function:
- Amust return a value that is always positive and bounded between 0 and 2
- Bis applied to the phenotype
- Cis applied to the genotype
- Dreturns the variance of the workload of each sector
22The allocation of IATA slot at a coordinated (level 3) airport:
- Ais based on a trading process between airlines and airport operators
- Bis based on the minimization of scheduling delays
- Cdoes not allow airlines to exchange slots
- Dis based on historical assignment
23The allocation of IATA slot at a coordinated (level 3) airport:
- Ais based on a trading process between airlines and airport operator
- Btakes place during the strategic phase (6 to 4 months before the season)
- Cis based only on historical assignment (grandfathering rights)
- Ddoes not allow airlines to exchange slots
24The allocation of IATA slot at a coordinated (level 3) airport:
- Ais based on a trading process between airlines and airport operators
- Btakes place during the tactical phase
- Cdoes not allow airlines to exchange slots
- Dtakes into account historical assignment (grandfathering rights)
25 When computing the capacity of a sector
- Athere is a formula that relates directly the complexity of a controller workload and the capacity of the sector
- Bin the ATM of the United States, airspace constraints typically have a more severe effect on airline operations than airport constraints
- CAirspace factors, traffic factors and operational constraints are some of the factors affecting the complexity of the controller’s task
- Dthe controller workload only depends on the number of simultaneously present aircraft
26When computing the capacity of a sector:
- Athere is a formula that relates directly the complexity of a controller workload and the capacity of the sector
- Bin the ATM of the United States, airport constraints typically have a more severe effect on airline operations than airspace constraints
- Ctraffic factors and operational constraints are the only factors affecting the complexity of the controller’s task
- Dthe controller workload only depends on the number of aircraft simultaneously present in the sector
27The ERASMUS Project was:
- Aproposing a new concept for air traffic flow management
- Binvestigating new values for separations minima
- Cinvestigating subliminal control for conflict resolution
- Dinvestigating decentralized solutions for conflict resolution
28In a free route airspace the airspace users can:
- Afly whatever route they want between a defined point of entry and point of exit
- Bplan whatever route they want between a defined point of entry and point of exit
- Creceive from ATC the delegation of the responsibility for traffic separation
- Dfollow a fixed structure of airways to plan their flights
29Free route in Europe:
- AIs the same concept as free flight
- BIs usually applied gate-to-gate
- CAffects only to a specific portion of the flight
- DRemoves the need of ATC
30Air traffic capacity within free route operations:
- AIs theoretically the same as conventional operation
- BIs higher due to a higher number of routes and thus higher airspace capacity
- CIs lower due to the added complexity of the controller to detect and manage conflicts
- DIs lower due to a lower use of airspace volume
31Which of the following factors does not affect the capacity of a single runway airport:
- Athe separation requirements imposed by the ATM system
- Bthe mix of movements and their sequencing
- Cthe application of IATA grandfathering rights
- Dthe weather conditions
32The capacity envelope of an airport can be obtained from historical values of:
- Aairport capacity taking into account the entire set of observations
- Bairport capacity discarding the extreme points from the entire set of observations
- Caircraft demand taking into account the weather patterns
- Dhistorically assigned IATA slots
33The Ration by Schedule method to allocate slots:
- Agives the minimum passenger delay compared with other methods for GDP
- Bgives the minimum cost assignment of ground delays in the GHP
- Cgives the minimum total flight delay compared with other methods for GDP
- Dgives the maximum inequity for passengers and airlines compared with other methods for GDP
34An airspace control sector
- Ahas a limited capacity which depends on the workload of the air traffic controllers
- Bcan be split indefinitely into smaller sectors to increase the overall airspace capacity
- Cis a region of airspace under the control of three or more air traffic controllers
- Dis a region of airspace defined only in two dimensions
35In the model of deterministic GHP
- Athe exponential factor in the objective function represents the increasing cost of providing capacity
- Bthe demand uncertainty is explicitly taken into account
- Cthe decision variables are binary
- Dthe capacity constraints imposed by airports and airspace control sectors are both modeled
36In the project of GEAIO of optimization of airspace sectoring, the most important objective concerning the traffic workload was to:
- Aminimize the number of aircraft per sector
- Bminimize the number of sectors
- Cminimize the variance of the number of aircraft per sector
- Dmaximize the number of aircraft per sector
37 GDP scope is one of the parameters that the GDP authority can set to change the impact of the application of the programme. Scope is defined as a distance to the airport where the GDP is applied. When increasing scope distance:
- Aboth ground and holding delay increases
- Bholding delay decreases and ground delay increases
- Cboth holding and ground delay decrease
- Dholding delay increases and ground delay decreases
38Voronoi diagrams is a technique used in the definition of sectorizations. Which of the following is not a characteristic of Voronoi diagrams:
- ACreates a discretization of the airspace based on the workload and connectivity
- BThe closest pair of points corresponds to two adjacent cells
- CEvery cell is convex
- DThe edges are located at the maximum distance of all the points
39 Concerning airport capacity:
- Athe type and location of exits from the runway have no direct influence on airport capacity
- Bthe requirement of airborne separation is always more restrictive than the single occupancy one
- Cwhen a runway is used for both arrivals and departures, ATC may be able to release a following take-off sooner if a landing aircraft can exit a runway quickly
- Dthe weather conditions do not usually influence the runway capacity
40Airport Capacity:
- ACan be represented through an arrival/departure capacity envelop
- BCan be calculated as the sum of all runway capacities as if they were independent
- CIs tactically assigned to airlines through IATA slot few hours before departure
- DIs not affected by the mix of aircraft types operating at the airport
41Evolutionary algorithms (such as Genetic Algorithms and Ant Colony Optimisation) are:
- AMetaheuristic methods, and they do not guarantee an optimal solution is ever found
- BProbabilistic methods, always converging to a global optimal
- CGradient methods, using problem dynamics to determine the search direction
- DDeterministic
42Which of the following is not a reproduction strategy in GA?
- ARoulette Wheel Crossover
- BSingle Point Crossover
- CShuffle Crossover
- DMultiple Point Crossover
43In ACO, how would you prevent fast convergence to a local optimal?
- AIncrease the number of ants (m)
- BIncrease the constant value (controls relative importance of desirability of transition)
- CIncrease the constant value (controls relative importance of amount of pheromone)
- DDecrease the pheromone evaporation coefficient ()
44 In the Traveling Salesman Problem solved using ACO:
- AEvery ant has to visit only one city
- BEvery ant starts from a different city
- CEvery ant chooses the next city to visit depending on the distance and the pheromones laid
- DThe number of ants does not impact the optimality of the solution
45Regarding the capacity of ATM sectors:
- Athere is a formula that relates directly the complexity of a controller workload and the capacity of the sectors
- Bin the European ATM, airspace constraints typically have a more severe effect on airline operations than in the US ATM
- Ctraffic factors and operational constraints are the only factors affecting the complexity of the controller’s task
- Dthe controller workload only depends on the number of aircraft simultaneously present in the sectors
46 At the pre-tactical phase of the ATFM:
- AThe flights are managed with the existing ATC capacity
- BThe estimated ATC capacities and forecasted demand are used to predict the ATFM regulations that may be needed, and then to adjust the traffic planning accordingly
- CThe long-term demand (i.e., with months of anticipation) is used to define the ATC capacity needed
- DSlots are assigned to airlines in the sectors where the capacity is lower than the forecasted demand
47Capacity is to be estimated for a FIR with the higher possible accuracy. Which one of the following techniques would you use to estimate it?
- AJudgement Analysis
- BPerformance Based Navigation
- CFast time simulation (FTS)
- DReal time simulation (RTS)
48Airspace sectorisation within a FIR:
- ACan vary throughout the day
- BDepends only on the number of aircraft
- CDoes not usually vary throughout the day
- DEach sector can have an arbitrary shape
493D airspace sectorization:
- AIs much easier to calculate than conventional sectorization
- BEach sector can have an arbitrary shape
- CEach sector must satisfy the right prism constraint
- DEach sector does not need to be convex
50Ground delay programs:
- APrevent most of the aircraft to enter into holding patterns
- BAre in place on low traffic conditions
- CAre inefficient when demand at an airport is unusually high
- DAre less efficient than airborne delay
51In a ground delay program:
- AThe Controlled Time of Departure (CTD) is the new assigned time of departure
- BThe file time is always later than the program start time
- CThe program start time and file time are the same
- DThe program radius does not affect the amount of delay that a single aircraft might have
52Ground delay programs:
- AAre in place when there is little traffic
- BHelp to solve demand/capacity imbalance problem efficiently
- CRequire most of the aircraft to enter into holding patterns
- DAre inefficient when demand at an airport is unusually high
53 In a ground delay program:
- AThe Estimated Time of Departure (ETD) is the new assigned time of departure
- BThe file time is the time when the GDP is defined
- CThe program end time is the time when no aircraft has assigned delay any more
- DThe program start time and file time are the same
54In a ground delay program which of the following would be exempted flights:
- AThe flight is an international flight
- BThe flight is on the ground at the filing time
- CAll of the above
- DThe flight is within the GDP radius
55 In a ground delay program varying the filing time:
- ADoes not have an impact to the GDP
- BLater filing times give higher number of GDP affected flights
- CEarlier filing times give lower average ground delay per aircraft
- DEarlier filing times give higher airborne delays
56 In a ground delay program, when varying the filing time:
- AIt does not have an impact on the GDP
- BEarlier filing times give higher number of GDP affected flights
- CLater filing times give lower average ground delay per aircraft
- DEarlier filing times give higher airborne delays
57 In a ground delay program we talk about exempt flights when:
- AThe flight is an international flight
- BThe flight is in the ground at the filing time
- CThe flight is within the GDP radius
- DAll of the above
58Air Traffic Controllers Workload:
- AIs determined by airspace capacity
- BIs determined by static and dynamic airspace and traffic characteristics
- CIs measured through gaming techniques
- DIs a limiting factor for airport capacity only
59Among capacity estimation techniques:
- AJudgmental analysis usually requires higher cost than fast time simulations
- BReal Time simulations have a higher adaptability than judgmental analysis
- CFast time simulations have higher accuracy than judgmental analysis
- DReal Time simulations require a lower time than judgmental analysis
60In air traffic conflict resolution:
- Acentralized ATMS schemes go towards the free flight philosophy
- Bin decentralized ATMS schemes, aircraft are responsible for maintaining separation between them, detecting and resolving all impending conflicts in the airspace
- Cdecentralized ATMS schemes rely more on ground-based ATC than centralized ATMS schemes
- Din decentralized ATMS schemes, aircraft always need intervention of central ATC system
61In the next ATM paradigm a dynamic sectoring is desired because:
- AMoving sector boundaries in real-time to adapt to traffic demand would increase capacity and efficiency of the ATM system
- BIt is easier for the controllers to coordinate with all the other sectors
- CMoving sector boundaries in real-time to adapt to traffic demand would allow each controller to monitor a single aircraft for the entire flight
- DIt is easier for pilots to follow their routes within a sector when sectors are dynamic
62In SESAR and NextGen want to modernize technologies and procedures for:
- AAnticipating aircraft separation tasks
- BConfiguring the airspace (sectors, routes, etc.) in order to apply as few constraints as possible to the traffic demand
- CEnhancing ATM capacity by reducing the workload of the controllers
- DAll the other answers are correct
63One important new mode of separation introduced by SESAR will be:
- AThe use of TCAS with automated conflict resolution capabilities
- BThe speed control requested by ATC officers to avoid imminent collisions
- CNone of the other answers is correct
- DSelf-separation of aircraft, thus increasing the capacity of sectors
64In SESAR and NextGen want to:
- ASubstitute the tactical management of conflicts with a new layer of safety for the strategic de-confliction of trajectories
- BComplement the tactical management of conflicts and substitute the management of flows and capacities with a new layer of safety for the strategic de-confliction of trajectories
- CSeparate trajectories for the entire flight with enough anticipation, even before take-off, to allow a collaborative flight planning among airlines, ATC, ATFM and airports.
- DNone of the other answers is correct
65Today’s traffic is strategically de-conflicted by:
- AAdvanced MTCD systems with trajectory resolution capabilities
- BDynamic sectoring, especially if they are optimized with genetic algorithms
- CAirspace design only (routes, flight level scheme and sectorization)
- DAirspace design (routes, flight level scheme and sectorization) and management of flows and capacities
66Recent research indicates that with the potential introduction of continuous operations in all phases of flight, and considering a TBO environment already implemented:
- AThe flight efficiency (fuel and emissions) could be improved between 6% and 11%
- BCapacity may be increased because the probability of conflict will be lower in the absence of flight level constraints
- CCapacity may be increased because the complexity of the traffic will be easier for the controllers in the absence of flight level constraints
- DSafety may be increased by a factor of x4 or x5 in the absence of flight level constraints
67Conflict resolution is a task that:
- AIs a highly combinatorial problem in the presence of multiple trajectories
- BIs required to ensure separation provision
- CCan generate new conflicts downstream (i.e., “domino effects”) if a global traffic awareness is not considered
- DAll the other answers are correct
68Separation provision to flights is a task:
- APerformed by the ATFM
- BPerformed by the pilots with the help of a MTCD system
- CNone of the other answers is correct
- DPerformed by the ATC officers using TCAS
69The introduction of a new strategic layer of safety for the early de-confliction of trajectories through a collaborative flight planning:
- AMay contribute to reduce the workload of controllers, thus increasing the capacity
- BMay contribute to increase the safety and flight efficiency
- CIs the cornerstone of the TBO paradigm
- DAll the other answers are correct
70A 4D trajectory is considered optimal in the TBO context because:
- AIt represents the preferences of the flight operators flying without any constraints
- BIt anticipates the separation provision for the entire flight taking into consideration the actual constraints of the ATM and the preferences of the flight operators
- CThe time dimension is more efficient when introduced in a trajectory
- DIt has no uncertainty related to any of its dimensions
71 The use of a hub and spoke network by most of the largest carriers implies that in case of disturbances at the hub airport:
- Athere will be a high delay propagation
- Bthere will be a low delay propagation
- Cdelays in the morning will have a lower downstream effect
- Dthe hub system does not have any impact on the delay propagation
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- MGTA FQ
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- Albert Font
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