Quiz
Behavior Modification
Create a free account to finish this quiz
Save your progress and see your final score.
Already have an account? Sign in
Questions in this quiz (200)
1Assessment consists of specifying the goals and the means of achieving these goals, examining whether behavior has changed and whether an intervention really achieved its goals (whether the intervention is responsible for change).
- ATrue
- BFalse
2Behavior modification emphasizes emotions and cognitions rather than actions and performance.
- ATrue
- BFalse
3Behavior modification techniques are applied to treat various problems after they develop but these same techniques are not applied to prevent problems because the behaviors have not yet occurred.
- ATrue
- BFalse
4Paraprofessionals assist in achieving therapeutic change by their direct contact with the client in the actual situations in which the identified behaviors are performed.
- ATrue
- BFalse
5A key feature of behavior modification is a commitment to assessment and evaluation
- ATrue
- BFalse
6Pavlov's study of digestion led to the type of learning referred to as classical conditioning.
- ATrue
- BFalse
7Thorndike's principles of behavior focused on learning that differed from classical conditioning developed by Pavlov.
- ATrue
- BFalse
8Skinner's method and goal was to identify the variables that influenced behavior by careful and intensive study of large groups of subjects.
- ATrue
- BFalse
9Operant behaviors are those behaviors that are influenced by consequences and are distinguished from reflexive or respondent behaviors.
- ATrue
- BFalse
10Emergents are behaviors that are not influenced by the environment and are unrelated to both classical and operant conditioning.
- ATrue
- BFalse
11Major characteristics of behavior modification include emphasis on:
- AOvert behavior and determinants of that behavior
- BEmotional determinants of behavior
- CAssessment and evaluation and motives, conflicts, and traits
- Da and b
12The evaluation of treatment involves:
- AAssessment of behavior to be altered
- BSpecifying the goals as well as a means to obtain them
- CEvaluating treatment to see if the goals were obtained
- DAll of these
13Pavlov studied a type of learning, concerned with stimuli that evoke responses, known as:
- AOperant conditioning
- BThe Law of Effect
- CClassical conditioning
- DReinforcement
14Certain stimuli in one's environment that elicit reflex responses are known as:
- AUnconditioned responses
- BRespondents
- CEmergents
- Da and b
15Skinner noted that many behaviors are emitted spontaneously and are controlled primarily by their consequences. He referred to such behaviors as __________ because they are responses that have some influence __________.
- AEmergents, on the environment
- BOperants, on the environment
- COperants, on the individual
- DRespondents, on the individual
16__________ was known for Behaviorism and moving psychology toward the scientific study of behavior.
- APavlov
- BFreud
- CThorndike
- DWatson
17Since the emergence of behavior modification, learning and various types of conditioning have been used as a basis to conceptualize:
- APersonality
- BBehavior change
- CPsychotherapy
- DAll of these
18The importance of respondent conditioning was suggested by the example of Albert, an 11-month-old boy. Prior to the study, the investigators noted that a loud noise or __________ produced a startle and fear reaction or __________ in Albert.
- AConditioned stimulus, conditioned response
- BUnconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response
- CConditioned stimulus, unconditioned response
- DUnconditioned stimulus, conditioned response
19Who developed systematic desensitization, a treatment in which humans were exposed in real life or in imagination to situations that provoked anxiety?
- AIvan P. Pavlov
- BEdward L. Thorndike
- CB.F. Skinner
- DJoseph Wolpe
20Applied behavior analysis has several characteristics including the:
- AFocus on perceptions and their impact on the environment
- BDiagnosis of intrapsychic processes and how they change through learning
- CFocus on overt behaviors and assessment through direct observation
- DFocus on internal processes of the individual and how these lead to novel actions
21Behavior is influenced greatly by setting events and other antecedents that come before the behavior is performed.
- ATrue
- BFalse
22Negative reinforcers are aversive events or stimuli presented after a response has been performed that increase the behavior.
- ATrue
- BFalse
23Generalized conditioned reinforcers are very effective in altering behaviors because they have been paired with a variety of events.
- ATrue
- BFalse
24Punishment always refers to procedures that decrease a response.
- ATrue
- BFalse
25Cessation of attention is an example of punishment when it increases the probability of appropriate behavior.
- ATrue
- BFalse
26Sally is always complaining (an aversive event) to her friend Joe that he doesn't call her often enough. Her complaining causes Joe to call her more often. This increase in frequency of a response that terminates Sally's complaining is an example of negative reinforcement.
- ATrue
- BFalse
27An example of punishment is when Dave increases his daughter's swearing when after each time his daughter swears he forces her to write the words 50 times (an aversive event).
- ATrue
- BFalse
28An example of extinction is when Dave ignores his child when the child swears. Dave's previous attention to his child was found to be reinforcing.
- ATrue
- BFalse
29Generalization is the opposite of discrimination.
- ATrue
- BFalse
30Treatments that focus on one behavior often alter other behaviors that covary with that behavior.
- ATrue
- BFalse
31An unfortunate or misguided ( ) before trying to get a child to go to bed would be allowing the child to play an active, violent, or aggressive video game right before going to bed.
- Asetting event
- Bprompts
- Cabolishing operation
- Dlow probability request
32Positive reinforcers are:
- AEvents presented after a behavior is performed and that increase the probability or likelihood
of the behavior they follow - BEvents presented before a behavior is performed to elicit greater probability or likelihood of the behavior they precede
- CEvents presented after a behavior is performed to decrease the probability or likelihood of the behavior they follow
- DEvents presented before a behavior is performed to decrease the probability or likelihood of the behavior they precede
- AEvents presented after a behavior is performed and that increase the probability or likelihood
33Positive and negative reinforcement always refer to:
- AShaping of a positive behavior
- BA decrease in behavior
- CFading of a behavior
- Dan increase in behavior
34What occurs when an individual escapes from an aversive event?
- Astimulus generalization
- Bnegative reinforcement
- Cpositive reinforcement
- Ddiscrimination
35In negative reinforcement, an example of a primary reinforcer would be:
- AA disapproving facial expression
- Bshock which impinges on sensory receptors
- Cdelivery of food after a response
- Dsyaing the word "no"
36Shaping involves:
- AReinforcing the final response itself
- BReinforcing approximations towards the final response
- CReinforcing large steps to make rapid gains in behavior
- Db and c
37What is an SD?
- ADiscrete stimulus
- BSensory deprivation
- CStimulus deprivation
- DDiscriminative stimulus
38The gradual removal of a prompt is called:
- AShaping
- BDiscriminating
- CGeneralizing
- DFading
39Differential reinforcement refers to:
- ANot reinforcing every other response
- BStimulus control
- CReinforcing a response in the presence of one stimulus but not reinforcing the same response
in the presence of another stimulus - DReinforcing 2 or more responses in the presence of a stimulus
40When behaviors other than those originally altered also change, this may be an example of:
- ADiscrimination
- BResponse generalization
- CStimulus control
- DPositive reinforcement
41The goal of intervention programs is to change the target behavior; the situation or context in which the behavior occurs is not important.
- ATrue
- BFalse
42n behavioral modification, emphasis is placed on indirect observations of covert behavior because subtle indications of an individual’s problems serve as a good measure of treatment focus.
- ATrue
- BFalse
43Target behaviors have to be defined explicitly so that they can be observed, measured, and agreed upon by observers.
- ATrue
- BFalse
44Operational definitions refer to defining a concept on the basis of the specific operations used for assessment.
- ATrue
- BFalse
45To reduce or eliminate behavior, a program may emphasize the use of positive opposites, which are prosocial behaviors denoting how the individual is to behave instead of engaging in maladaptive behavior.
- ATrue
- BFalse
46The purpose of task analysis is to analyze a behavior into its components and the intervention program.
- ATrue
- BFalse
47A frequency measure can be converted to rate if observations are conducted for different durations.
- ATrue
- BFalse
48Time sampling is a variation of interval recording, but the observations can represent the behavior for an entire day.
- ATrue
- BFalse
49Typically, there is a very high level of agreement among different informants who are rating the same person.
- ATrue
- BFalse
50Self-reports about what people remember can be completely inaccurate even when people are very confident in what they are reporting.
- ATrue
- BFalse
51Identifying the goal of a behavior modification program first involves:
- AMeasuring the response rate of the behavior
- BSelection of an assessment strategy
- CDefining the behavior to be changed in precise
- DInterval recording
52The main goal of a program is to alter or develop a particular behavior referred to as the __________ behavior.
- AGoal
- BTarget
- CIdeal
- DDesired
53__________ measures require merely noting instances in which behavior occurs.
- ADiscrete categorization
- Bcontingency
- Coccurrence
- Dfrequency
54What measure is constituted by the total number of behaviors or steps that have been performed correctly?
- Afrequency
- Bnumber of persons
- Cdiscrete categorization
- Dtime sampling
55In using an interval scoring method, an observer looks at the client during each interval and usually:
- ARecords whether or not the behavior of interest has occurred
- BMeasures the latency or elapsed time between responses
- CCounts the number of times the behavior occurred
- Db and c
56The amount of time that elapses between a cue and the response is referred to as:
- Aresponsiveness
- Blatency
- Cduration
- Dintensity or magnitude of the response
57The purpose of __________ is to sample the extent to which behavior is performed over the total period of time that behavior change is desired.
- Atreatment
- Bsessions
- Cassessment
- Dthe clinician
58 Common examples of __________ measures include heart rate, blood pressure, skin temperature, and muscle tension.
- Aself-report
- Bobservational
- Cbiological
- Dpsychological
59Self-report may be the only possible method of assessment for which of the following behaviors?
- Asexual arousal
- Bcompulsions
- Challucinations
- Danxiety
60Which of the following can be measured using biological assessment?
- Asexual preference
- Btobacco use
- Cbrain wave activity
- Dall of the above
61Most psychological treatments provide some form of systematic assessment to determine if treatment is actually helping the individual or achieving its goals.
- ATrue
- BFalse
62Intervention can be used in ways to identify why the problem is occurring and hence what the focus of treatment ought to be.
- ATrue
- BFalse
63In the context of behavior modification, change can be achieved without knowing precisely why the problem has come about.
- ATrue
- BFalse
64In functional behavioral assessment, the interview is designed to describe behavior, the setting in which the behavior appears, and possible functions the behavior may serve.
- ATrue
- BFalse
65 Direct assessment of ongoing behavior in a situation is the preferred method of functional analysis.
- ATrue
- BFalse
66The functions of a behavior are usually determined on an individual basis so there is no single function that a particular behavior invariably serves for all or even most individuals.
- ATrue
- BFalse
67Interview assessments for functional behavioral assessment are not feasible for many of the settings in which behavioral programs are implemented.
- ATrue
- BFalse
68The strength of functional behavior assessment is to provide an empirical way to evaluate controlling influences and then to use the information to develop individualized interventions.
- ATrue
- BFalse
69The same behavior may serve different functions for two individuals
- ATrue
- BFalse
70In many instances, self-injury (e.g., hitting one’s head repeatedly) seems to be reinforced directly by the tactile and sensory effects of the behavior itself.
- ATrue
- BFalse
71The overriding question of functional behavioral assessment is:
- AWhat factors are contributing to or responsible for the target behavior?
- BHow does the client respond to the influences of his/her environment?
- CIs the target behavior amenable to change?
- DGenerally speaking, what can assessment and intervention tell us about human behavior?
72 In the vast majority of behavioral research, ________ rather than _________, is/are used as the basis for assessing functional relations.
- Aquestionnaires, interviews
- Binterviews, direct observation
- Canalog testing, everyday settings
- Ddirect observation, interviews
73Behavior analysis is different from other types of treatment because:
- Ait focuses on current causes of behavior, offering lesser attention to the dynamics of the client’s previous experience.
- Bit relies heavily on the interview and direct observational methods of assessment.
- Cit identifies purposes served by behavior and translates the information into effective treatment.
- Dit views the client’s behavior as purposeful and need-driven.
74The initial component of functional behavioral assessment used to investigate the patterns of a given target behavior (e.g., when and where the behavior occurs) is:
- Aassessment
- Bhypothesis testing
- Canalog testing
- Dintervention
75In hypothesis testing, if one or two conditions are considered to control behavior:
- Afurther assessment by interview or direct observation must be done until a “most likely” condition becomes evident.
- Bat least one more hypothesis is generally devised and tested.
- Cthey are both likely to have a significant influence on behavior.
- Dthe situation is manipulated to see if changing the conditions actually alters the behavior.
76The purpose of _______is to put into place the condition that controls behavior after the condition was established to be functionally related to behavior.
- Amost therapies
- Bdirect observation
- Cthe intervention
- Dthe analog test
77One method of direct observation mentioned in the chapter entails:
- Acharting client behavior in a familiar context while exposed to unfamiliar conditions
- Bcharting client behavior in an unfamiliar context while exposed to familiar conditions
- Ccharting antecedents, behaviors, and consequences in narrative fashion
- DNone of these methods was mentioned in the chapter
78Consequences following and maintaining a behavior, such as eye contact, verbalizations, and touching, are all examples of:
- AAutomatic reinforcement
- BFunctional autonomy
- CPositive reinforcement
- DNegative reinforcement
79Monique repeatedly bangs her head on her desk. When Monique’s teacher commands her to stop, Monique responds by banging her head even harder and with more frequency. Monique’s teacher then decides to discontinue her commands, thereby removing any aversive consequence to Monique’s behavior. Monique’s teacher has thus ____________ Monique’s behavior.
- Aautomatically reinforced
- Bimplemented extinction for
- Cpositively reinforced
- Dnegatively reinforced
80Functional behavioral assessment as an approach has focused mostly on:
- Aadults
- Bchildren
- CAdults and children with self-injurious tendencies
- DFunctional analysis has been extended well beyond any particular type of behavior or
population
81Self-control usually refers to behaviors a person deliberately undertakes to achieve self-selected outcomes.
- ATrue
- BFalse
82Self-management programs allow clients to maximize their control over the contingencies and the administration of the consequences.
- ATrue
- BFalse
83Self-monitoring has been an effective behavior change technique when used alone or combined with other self-control procedures.
- ATrue
- BFalse
84Self-assessment as a one-shot self-diagnosis assessment for some medical or psychological condition was referred to as self-assessment and not a very effective intervention.
- ATrue
- BFalse
85A limitation of the self-help techniques is lapses in applying the procedures that would be less likely to occur if externally controlled techniques were used.
- ATrue
- BFalse
86A major obstacle for the public is sorting through the hundreds of self-help books and resources to identify those that have evidence about their effectiveness.
- ATrue
- BFalse
87Interestingly, self-punishment techniques work quite well and do not show any of the usual side effects of punishment.
- ATrue
- BFalse
88External reinforcement is rarely used in conjunction with self-reinforcement programs.
- ATrue
- BFalse
89Self-administered consequences may be insufficient to maintain adherence to an intervention.
- ATrue
- BFalse
90Self-help procedures may be a way to disseminate treatments to people who might not otherwise receive treatment.
- ATrue
- BFalse
91When procedures are applied to alter one's own behavior, they are referred to as what?
- ASelf-control and self-management techniques
- BIndependent variables
- CSelf-recruited interventions
- DSelf-punishment
92What is a disadvantage in relying on externally administered contingencies?
- ATherapists train clients to exert self-control
- BTeachers, parents, and other agents may miss many opportunities to reinforce behavior
- CSelf-monitoring is much more effective
- DThe advice of others will make you more insecure
93Self-control procedures are desirable because:
- AThey train persons to use techniques to alter their own behavior, rather than to be controlled by an external agent.
- BThey are consistently more effective in changing behavior than externally controlled procedures
- CThey lead to contingent delivery of the reinforcers
- DAll of these
94Self-reinforcement and self-punishment techniques have been applied to a wide range of problems, including:
- ADeviant sexual behavior
- BCigarette smoking
- CDating skills
- DAll of these
95Training a person to engage in responses that interfere with or replace an undesired response is an example of:
- AAlternate-response training
- BSelf-punishment
- CSelf-reinforcement
- DSelf-reward
96Biofeedback:
- AIs consistently more effective than relaxation in altering hypertension and anxiety-based responses
- BIs not really self-control because external apparatus are used to train behavior
- CTeaches clients to engage in specific techniques to regulate their own responses in everyday situations
- Da and b
97Self-help manuals have been effectively used to help:
- AParents alter the behavior of their children
- BReduce fears
- CReduce pyromania in patients
- Da and b
98If subjects do not adhere to the contingencies in self-control programs:
- ABehavior change should be expected
- BBehavior change should not be expected
- CBehavior may show a burst of responding
- DBehavior may show spontaneous recovery
99An advantage of self-control programs is:
- AThey permit various techniques to be more widely extended to the public than would ordinarily be the case with techniques completely carried out by professionals
- BThey may be preferred by clients over a therapist-administered treatment
- CThey work quickly
- Da and b
100Self-administered procedures have been used to treat:
- Aanxiety
- Bdepression
- Covereating
- Dall of these
101Positive reinforcement is an increase in the probability or likelihood of a behavior following the presentation of a positive reinforcer.
- ATrue
- BFalse
102A primary reinforcer is defined based on the fact that it is the first reinforcer administered.
- ATrue
- BFalse
103Ethical and legal concerns restrict the use of food as a reinforcer.
- ATrue
- BFalse
104Social reinforcers including praise, physical contact, and facial expressions are primary reinforcers because each is naturally occurring.
- ATrue
- BFalse
105Praise is a powerful modifier of behavior because most people experience praise as a reinforcing event.
- ATrue
- BFalse
106An example of the Premack principle is writing a letter home (low probability behavior) after going out drinking (high probability behavior).
- ATrue
- BFalse
107Feedback is an effective secondary reinforcer when administered in combination with other secondary reinforcers.
- ATrue
- BFalse
108Tokens are generalized reinforcers because they can be exchanged for a variety of primary and secondary reinforcers.
- ATrue
- BFalse
109Specific procedures are available to withdraw token reinforcement programs without a loss of behavioral gains.
- ATrue
- BFalse
110A delay in administering reinforcement does not lessen its effectiveness as a reinforcer.
- ATrue
- BFalse
111Resistance to extinction is greater when reinforcement is given continuously.
- ATrue
- BFalse
112To achieve the highest rate of behavior a continuous schedule of reinforcement should be employed.
- ATrue
- BFalse
113When using a variable ratio schedule, there is a temporary pause in responding after reinforcement is delivered.
- ATrue
- BFalse
114In general, variable reinforcement schedules lead to more consistent and higher rates of responding than fixed reinforcement schedules.
- ATrue
- BFalse
115To increase the consistency of studying among the students, a teacher would be wise to choose a VI rather than an FI schedule.
- ATrue
- BFalse
116Reinforcement techniques cannot be used to decrease target behaviors.
- ATrue
- BFalse
117A DRO schedule provides reinforcement for not engaging in a behavior.
- ATrue
- BFalse
118A DRA schedule provides reinforcement to at least two alternating target behaviors.
- ATrue
- BFalse
119When used as a behavior-change technique, noncontingent reinforcement usually is delivered based on the amount of time that elapses rather than on the amount of behavior that has occurred.
- ATrue
- BFalse
120Reinforcement of functionally equivalent behavior consists of identifying the reinforcer maintaining the unwanted behavior and redeploying (applying it) to follow and increase the desired behavior.
- ATrue
- BFalse
121__________ reinforcement refers to an increase in the probability or likelihood of a response following the presentation of a __________ reinforcer.
- Apositive, positive
- Bpositive, negative
- Cnegative, negative
- Dnegative, positive
122An example of a primary reinforcer is:
- Aprivileges
- Bpraise
- Cfood
- Da and c
123One advantage in using social reinforcers is:
- AThat little time is required for their administration
- BThat children become dependent on them
- CThey have to be delivered individually
- DNone of these
124According to the Premack principle, of any responses or activities in which an individual engages:
- AThe less frequent response will reinforce the more frequent one
- BPraise is likely to serve as a reinforcer for the less frequent response
- CThe more frequent response will reinforce the less frequent one
- DPraise is likely to serve as a reinforcer for the more frequent response
125Requiring a child to complete homework before playing outside with friends would be an example of:
- ANoncontingent reinforcement
- BThe Premack principle
- CNegative reinforcement
- DStimulus control
126__________ refers to knowledge of results of one's performance without necessarily including additional events that may be reinforcing in their own right.
- Areinforcement
- Bfeedback
- Cneither of these
- Dboth of these
127The basic requirements of a token economy DO NOT include specification of the:
- ATarget behaviors
- BInfluence of more direct reinforcers
- CBackup reinforcers that are available
- DNumber of tokens the backup reinforces cost
128An example of a token is:
- Acandy
- Bpoker chips
- Cstars
- Db and c
129An advantage of tokens is that they:
- ATend to be more effective than praise, feedback, and other reinforcers
- BHelp persons respond to primary reinforcers
- CCan be used for many persons in a setting
- Da and c
130What kind of reinforcement usually leads to marked behavior change?
- Ahigh probability
- Bcontingent
- Cintermittent
- Da and b
131 To maximize the effect of reinforcement, a reinforcer should be delivered __________ after the target response.
- Ashortly
- Bwithin 5-10 minutes
- Cwithin 10-15 minutes
- Dimmediately
132When a reinforcer loses its effects because it is given in excessive amounts, this is referred to as:
- Aextinction
- Bsatiation
- Cdeprivation
- Da and b
133A schedule of reinforcement in which a response is reinforced each time it occurs is referred to as:
- Aintermittent reinforcement
- Bdiscontinuous reinforcement
- Ccontinuous reinforcement
- Dconstant reinforcement
134When behavior is developed with continuous reinforcement, extinction tends to occur:
- Arapidly
- Bgradually
- Cextremely gradually
- Dnot at all
135With a ratio schedule, the interval of time that passes for the person to perform the response is:
- Arelevant
- Bimportant
- Ccrucial
- Dirrelevant
136What type of schedule requires that an unvarying number of responses be performed before a response is reinforced?
- Avariable ratio
- Bfixed interval
- Cinterval
- Dfixed ratio
137A DRL schedule focuses on providing reinforcement for:
- AA reduction in the frequency of some undesirable behavior
- BAnything the individual does that replaces the undesirable behavior
- CA positive opposite
- DA behavior that earns the same reinforcer as did the undesirable behavior
138A DRA schedule to eliminate sibling fighting might consist of positive reinforcement for:
- ADoing a chore together
- BWatching television together
- CDoing "nothing"
- Da and b
139Negative reinforcement refers to an increase in response rate when the response is contingently followed by:
- AAn aversive event
- BThe termination of an aversive event
- CThe presentation of an aversive event
- DNone of these
140Negative reinforcement is:
- ANever used because it requires the initiation or presentation of an aversive event
- BUsed fairly often but always combined with a positive reinforcement program
- CUsed occasionally, especially when aversive events are already in the situation and can be terminated contingent on some desired behavior
- DNone of these
141The frequent use of punishment is central to behavior modification techniques.
- ATrue
- BFalse
142Punishment in everyday life may serve many purposes and is not necessarily defined by its effects on behavior.
- ATrue
- BFalse
143Verbal reprimands have inconsistent effects on the target behavior.
- ATrue
- BFalse
144Electric shock is rarely used.
- ATrue
- BFalse
145Shorter durations (several seconds or a few minutes) of time out from reinforcements can be very effective.
- ATrue
- BFalse
146Time in describes the ongoing situation in which reinforcing consequences can occur as long as the person is not removed from the situation.
- ATrue
- BFalse
147Response cost is the amount of reinforcement the person will earn after engaging in a behavior.
- ATrue
- BFalse
148Token reinforcement and response cost are more effective when combined than either procedure implemented alone.
- ATrue
- BFalse
149Overcorrection is an easily applicable technique because clients require very little supervision throughout the program.
- ATrue
- BFalse
150Unlike other forms of punishment, overcorrection conveys to the client those appropriate behaviors that are incompatible with the undesired response.
- ATrue
- BFalse
151A disadvantage of effort-based activities used as aversive consequences is that the activity may be disruptive in different situations.
- ATrue
- BFalse
152Interestingly, delayed punishment is more effective than immediate punishment.
- ATrue
- BFalse
153 Punishment is most effective when applied intermittently.
- ATrue
- BFalse
154It is not effective to vary the aversive consequence of a behavior because the person may become confused about the punishment he/she receives.
- ATrue
- BFalse
155A relatively weak intensity of punishment is effective when accompanied by reinforcement for alternative positive responses.
- ATrue
- BFalse
156Prolonged forms of punishment typically are effective even if there is no immediate effect since punishment effects develop slowly.
- ATrue
- BFalse
157The conditional view of corporal punishment emphasizes the importance of conditioning in the effectiveness of spanking.
- ATrue
- BFalse
158Delivering punishment to another individual may be negatively reinforced because it terminates the aversive behavior immediately. Consequently, administering punishment may be maintained by the person who delivers punishment, even if it is ineffective in the long run.
- ATrue
- BFalse
159Aggressive behavior toward the person administering punishment may be negatively reinforced if this behavior terminates the aversive consequence given.
- ATrue
- BFalse
160Negative reinforcement plays a critical role in the punishment trap.
- ATrue
- BFalse
161Punishment can be beneficial when used __________ and carefully and as part of a more comprehensive program that emphasizes positive reinforcement.
- Afrequently
- Bconstantly
- Cinfrequently
- Da and b
162Punishment in the technical sense refers solely to the empirical operation that reduces the __________ of a response.
- Aduration
- Btime interval
- Clength
- Dlikelihood
163Two types of aversive events are:
- APrimary and secondary
- BContingent and noncontingent
- CPrimary and aversive
- DAversive and subversive
164Example(s) of primary aversive stimuli:
- Aphysical assault
- Breprimands
- Celectric shock
- Da and c
165Reprimands and disapproval in general have had __________ effects.
- Aconsistent
- Bcontinuous
- Cinconsistent
- Dmarked
166Shock is rarely used because:
- AIt is illegal
- BOther methods are less expensive
- CIt is immoral
- DOther effective methods are less objectionable
167When an alternate response is reinforced, a punished response is more likely to:
- AReappear later
- BBe suppressed
- CBe increased
- DBe unaffected
168Time out refers to the removal of all __________ reinforcers for a certain period of time.
- Apositive
- Bnegative
- Cconsumable and primary
- Dnone of these
169The advantage of time out is:
- AIt is brief
- BIt is painless
- CIt isolates the child and therefore sends a clear message
- Da and b
170A main goal of treatment should be to develop __________ behavior in the presence of other individuals and not to foster isolation, whether physical or social.
- Aprosocial
- Bantisocial
- Ccompliant
- Dnoncompliant
171Time out is often very effective when it lasts for ________________.
- AAt least an hour
- BA few minutes
- CSeveral seconds
- Db and c
172An example of response cost is:
- Atime out
- Ba negative reinforcer
- Ca fine
- Dnone of these
173Excessive rehearsal of proper forms of appropriate behavior is a form of punishment referred to as:
- Aresponse cost
- Btime out
- Cshaping
- Dovercorrection
174The __________ the proportion of punished responses, the __________ the response reduction.
- Asmaller, greater
- Bsmaller, smaller
- Cgreater, smaller
- Dgreater, greater
175If a response is punished __________ it is reinforced, punishment should be more effective.
- Aafter
- Bbefore
- Cat the same time
- Dboth before and after
176The effect of punishment may be restricted to the presence of the __________.
- ANegative consequences
- BPeer group
- CPerson who administered it
- DPositive reinforcer
177To __________ response suppression with punishment, and to __________ recovery, positive reinforcement can be provided for behaviors incompatible with the punished responses.
- AMaximize, maximize
- BMinimize, maximize
- CMinimize, minimize
- DMaximize, minimize
178In general, studies have shown that the combination of __________ punishment and __________ reinforcement is more effective than either procedure used alone.
- Amild, negative
- Bmild, positive
- Cmild, no
- Dharsh, positive
179Response suppression can be achieved with variation of positive reinforcement techniques. An example of one is:
- ADRO
- BDRI
- CDRL
- Dall of these
180Spanking is commonly used in child rearing. What view represents the current status of the evidence about its effects?
- Acorporal punishment in all its forms has short- and long-term negative effects
- Bmoderate to severe spanking can effect significant psychological harm
- Cwhether severe spanking harms depends on age of the child
- Db and c
181Intermittent reinforcement delays the extinction process.
- ATrue
- BFalse
182The more frequently extinction has been used in the past, the greater the resistance to extinction will be.
- ATrue
- BFalse
183To evaluate the specific stimuli and consequences that control behavior, one conducts a functional analysis.
- ATrue
- BFalse
184If one cannot control the source of reinforcement, then extinction is not an appropriate technique to apply.
- ATrue
- BFalse
185Accidental reinforcement can increase the duration of the extinction process
- ATrue
- BFalse
186Extinction is an effective and rapid process for decreasing behavior.
- ATrue
- BFalse
187Spontaneous recovery is when a behavior is elicited by the reinstatement of a continuous reinforcement schedule.
- ATrue
- BFalse
188The occurrence of spontaneous recovery reflects the ineffectiveness of the extinction procedure.
- ATrue
- BFalse
189Using extinction with dangerous (e.g., self-injurious behavior) is risky and ill-advised. Even if it were effective, because many instances of the behavior may have to occur before the behavior is eliminated, if eliminated at all.
- ATrue
- BFalse
190Positive reinforcement and extinction combined is likely enhance the effects of extinction alone.
- ATrue
- BFalse
191To reduce the possible side effects of extinction, employ positive reinforcement for other behaviors.
- ATrue
- BFalse
192Extinction can be used to reduce the probability or likelihood of behaviors that have been developed with social reinforcement.
- ATrue
- BFalse
193Flooding is a technique developed by Wolpe that instructs the individual to correct the consequences of the target behavior repeatedly.
- ATrue
- BFalse
194Systematic desensitization is a technique derived from a classical conditioning framework to help reduce avoiding behaviors.
- ATrue
- BFalse
195Graduated exposure is an evidence-based treatment for the treatment of anxiety
- ATrue
- BFalse
196Escape extinction can sometimes can be used to reduce or eliminate self-injurious behavior.
- ATrue
- BFalse
197Unlike punishment, extinction usually does not lead to an immediate suppression of behavior in the first few applications of the procedure. as a behavior-change technique.
- ATrue
- BFalse
198Avoidance behaviors are highly resistant to extinction because the individual/subject (i.e., a dog) does not stop avoiding (i.e., jumping over the barrier) to find that an anxiety-provoking situation or shock may no longer be present.
- ATrue
- BFalse
199The effectiveness of extinction depends upon the schedule of reinforcement that has maintained behavior.
- ATrue
- BFalse
200Behavior may increase at the beginning of the extinction procedure.
- ATrue
- BFalse
Information
- Description
- Quiz on Behavior Modification, created by Kalie Virden on 19/11/2019.
- Author
- Kalie Virden
- Language
- English
- Views
- 4
- Rating
- No ratings yet Rate this quiz