461206
Description
Flashcards by sophiewalkerrock, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by sophiewalkerrock
almost 12 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Addition Polymer | A very long molecular chain formed by repeated addition reactions of many unsaturated alkene molecules ( monomers) |
| Addition Polymerisation | The process in which monomers add on to a growing chain one at a time to form a very long saturated molecule chain (addition polymer) |
| Addition Reaction | A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule. |
| Alicyclic hydrocarbon | A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure |
| Aliphatic hydrocarbon | A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains. |
| Alkanes | The homologous series with the general formula: |
| Atom Economy | Molecular mass of desired product/sum of molecular masses of all products |
| Alkyl Group | An alkane with a hydrogen atom removed e.g.CH3 |
| Biodegradable material | A substance that is broken down naturally in the environment by living organisms. |
| Carbocation | is an organic ion in which a carbon atom has a positive charge. |
| Catalyst | A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the process. |
| Cis-trans isomerisation | Special type of E/Z isomerism, which there is a non-hydrogen group and a hydrogen on each C of the C=C. Cis (Z) isomer has the H atoms on the same side. Trans (E) isomer has the H atoms on opposite sides. |
| Cracking | Refers to the breaking down of long-chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of shorter-chained alkanes and alkenes. |
| Curly Arrow | A symbol used in a reaction mechanism to show the movement of an electron pair in the formation or breaking of a covalent bond. |
| Dehydration | An elimination reaction in which water is removed from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule. |
| Displayed formula | Shows the relative positioning of all of the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them. |
| Electrophile | An atom that is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond. |
| Electrophilic addition | A type of addition reaction in which an electrophile is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, whee it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond. |
| Elimination Reaction | Refers to the removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule. |
| Esterification | The reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to produce an ester and water. |
| E/Z isomerism | A type of stereoisomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon of a C=C double bond may be arranged differently in space due to the restricted rotation of the C=C bond. |
| Fractional Distillation | The separation of the components in a liquid mixture into fractions which differ in boiling points by means of distillation, typically using a fractionating column. |
| Fragmentation | The process in mass spectrometry that causes a positive ion to split into pieces, one of which is a a positive fragment ion. |
| Functional Group | The part of the organic molecule responsible for the chemical reactions. |
| Heterolytic Fission | The breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms, forming ions. |
| Homologous Series | A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2 |
| Homolytic Fission | Breaking of a covalent bond, with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals. |
| Hydrocarbons | Organic compounds that contain carbon and oxygen only. |
| Hydrolysis | A reaction with water or aqueous hydroxide ions that breaks a chemical compound into two compounds. |
| Initiation | First step in a radical substitution in which the free radicals and generated by ultraviolet radiation. |
| Limiting Reagent | The substance in a chemical reaction that runs out first. |
| Mechanism | A sequence of steps chowing the path taken by electrons in a reaction. |
| Molecular Ion, M+ | The positive ion formed in mass spectrometry when a molecule loses an electron. |
| Monomer | Small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer. |
| Nucleophile | An atom that is attracted to an electron-deficient centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond. |
| Nucleophilic Substitution | A type of substitution reaction in which a nucleophile is attracted to an electron deficient centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond. |
| Pi-bond | Reactive part of a double bond formed above and below the plane of the bonded atoms by sideways overlap of p-orbitals. |
| Polymer | A long molecular chain built up from monomer units. |
| Radical | A species with an unpaired electron. |
| Radical Substitution | Is a type of substitution reaction in which a radical replaces a different atom or group of atoms. |
| Reflux | The continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture to ensure that the reaction takes place without the contents of the flask boiling dry. |
| Repeat Unit | Specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in the structure over and over again. |
| Saturated Hydrocarbon | A hydrocarbon with single bonds only. |
| Skeletal formula | is a simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups. |
| Stereoisomers | Compounds with the same structural formula, but with a different arrangement of atoms in space. |
| Structural Formula | Shows the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule. |
| Structural Isomers | Molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural arrangement of atoms. |
| Substitution reaction | A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms. |
| Termination | The step at the end of a radical substitution when two radicals combine to form a molecule. |
| Unsaturated hydrocarbons | A hydrocarbon containing carbon-carbon double bonds. |
| Volatility | The ease that a liquid turns into a gas. Volatility increases as boiling point decreases. |
| % Yield | Actual amount, in mol, of product |
| Enthalpy, H | The heat content that is stored in a chemical system. |
| Exothermic | Refers to a reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is smaller than the enthalpy of the reactants, resulting in heat loss to the surroundings. |
| Endothermic | Refers to a reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is greater than the enthalpy of the reactants, resulting in heat being taken in from the surroundings. |
| Enthalpy Profile Diagram | A diagram for a reaction to compare the enthalpy of the reactants with the enthalpy of the products. |
| Activation Energy | The minimum energy required to start a reaction by the breaking of bonds. |
| Standard Conditions | A pressure of 100kPa (1atmosphere); a stated temperature, usually 298K (25C); a concentration of 1.0 moldm-3 (for reactions with aqueous solutions). |
| Standard State | The physical state of a substance under the standard conditions of 100kPa and 298K. |
| Standard Enthalpy Change of Combustion | The enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a substance reacts completely with oxygen under standard conditions, all reactants and products being in their standard states. |
| Standard Enthalpy Change of Formation | The enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of compound is formed from the constituent elements in their standard states under standard conditions. |
| Specific Heat Capacity | The energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1'C |
| Bond Enthalpy | The enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission 1 mol of a given bond in the molecules of a gaseous species. |
| Average Bond Enthalpy | The average enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission 1 mol of a given type of bond in the molecules of a gaseous species. |
| Hess' Law | States that, if a reaction can take place by more than one route and the initial and final conditions are the same, the total enthalpy change is the same for each route. |
| Enthalpy Cycle | A diagram showing alternative route between reactants and products which allows the indirect determination of an enthalpy change from other known enthalpy changes using Hess' Law. |
| Rate of reaction | The change in concentration of a reactant or a product in a given time. |
| Heterogeneous Catalysis | A catalysis of a reaction in which the catalyst has a different physical state from the reactants; frequently, reactants are gases whilst the catalyst is a solid. |
| Homogeneous Catalysis | Catalysis of a reaction in which the catalstt and reactants are in the same physical state, which is most frequently the aqueous or gaseous state. |
| Boltzmann Distribution | The distribution of energies of molecules at a particular temperature, often shown as a graph. |
| Dynamic Equilibrium | The equilibrium that exists in a closed system when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction. |
| Le Chatelier's Principle | States that when a system in dynamic equilibrium is subjected to a change, the position of equilibrium will shift to minimise the change. |
| Greenhouse Effect | The process in which the absorption and subsequent emission of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases warms the lower atmosphere and the planet's surface. |
| Troposphere | The lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere, extending from the Earth's surface to about 7km (above the poles) and to about 20km (above the tropics). |
| Stratosphere | The second layer of the Earth's atmosphere, containing the 'ozone layer', about 10km to 50km above the earth's surface. |
| Absorption | The process that occurs when a gas, liquid or solute is held to the surface of a solid or, more rarely, a liquid. |
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