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| Question | Answer |
| Capital intensive production | Production of goods and services that requires a relatively high level of capital inputs such as machinery and technology compared to labour |
| Development gains | Broadly based gains in economic and human development measured for example by real GNI per capita and advances in human development and reductions in multidimensional poverty |
| Dualistic economic structure | A dual economy is the existence of two separate economic sectors within one country, divided by different levels of development, technology, and different patterns of demand |
| Dutch disease effects | When increasing revenues from exporting natural resources can lead to appreciation in a country’s exchange rate which has damaging effects on other tradable sectors of an economy such as manufacturing and services. |
| Economic growth | A sustained rise in real national output or a country’s productive potential |
| Export diversity | The range of goods and services exported to other countries. Some nations have a high export dependency in primary commodities, others have achieved a higher export complexity across different sectors |
| Foreign direct investment (FDI). | Acquisition of a controlling interest in productive operations abroad by companies resident in the home economy. May involve creation of new productive capacity |
| Gross National Income (GNI) per capita | This is broadly the same as GDP except that it adds what a country earns from overseas investments and subtracts what foreigners earn in a country and send back home. GNI is affected for example by profits from businesses owned overseas and also remittances sent home by migrant workers. GN per capita = GNI / total population |
| Human Development Index (HDI) | HDI captures not only the level of income but also incorporates measures of health (life expectancy) and education (school enrolment and literacy rate). |
| Inclusive growth | Growth where the benefits are spread across all sections of society - broad based growth, shared growth, and pro-poor growth |
| Intra-regional trade | Trade in goods and services between countries of a certain region |
| Natural resource curse | When the development of many natural resource-rich countries does not benefit from extraction, and indeed may even decline |
| Productivity | Output per unit of input, e.g. labour productivity |
| Social indicators | Measures of social development including progress in improving health and education outcomes and changing the final distribution of income and wealth as measured by the Gini coefficient. |
| Tax / licensing regime | The tax system applied by a national government to the exploration and extraction of natural resources |
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