AS Psychology Unit 1 & 2 (Edexcel)

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Low down of whole of Unit 1 & 2
AnthonyElikwu
Mind Map by AnthonyElikwu, updated more than 1 year ago
AnthonyElikwu
Created by AnthonyElikwu about 10 years ago
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Resource summary

AS Psychology Unit 1 & 2 (Edexcel)
  1. Unit 1 : Social Approach
    1. Ethical Guidlines

      Annotations:

      • The 4 areas of the Ethical Guidelines. Remember these for Ethical Discussion.
      1. Respect
        1. Competence
          1. Integrity
            1. Responsibilty
            2. Methodology
              1. Interviews

                Annotations:

                • Know the difference between types of interviews. Difference between Question Types.
                1. Structured Interview

                  Annotations:

                  • Pre-set Order of Questions Quantitative Data
                  1. Unstructured Interview

                    Annotations:

                    • Questions are open Interview Structure is flexible Qualitative data
                    1. Semi-Structured Interview

                      Annotations:

                      • Schedule of questions Researcher has freedom to follow up on some responses.
                      1. Open Question

                        Annotations:

                        • Qualitative data Consists of words Opinion-based
                        1. Closed Question

                          Annotations:

                          • Limits possible responses Quantitative Data Reduced to numbers/quantities
                        2. Sampling
                          1. Random

                            Annotations:

                            • Equal chance to be selected Unbiased Difficult in large numbers
                            1. Stratified

                              Annotations:

                              • Break population into groups Very representative Time consuming Difficult
                              1. Opportunity

                                Annotations:

                                • Whoever is available. Easy & Quick Not very representative
                                1. Volunteer/Self Selecting

                                  Annotations:

                                  • Participants select themselves Access a wide variety of people Motivation may make behaviour different. May have 'special' qualities.
                                2. Evaluation
                                  1. Reliability
                                    1. Subjectivity
                                      1. Validity
                                    2. Obedience

                                      Annotations:

                                      • Following an order given by a person with RECOGNISED AUTHORITY over you.
                                      1. Milgram (Shock Test) 1963

                                        Annotations:

                                        • Behavioural Study of Obedience to Malevolent Authority. The aim was to measure how obedient 'naive' participants would be when ordered to give intense electric shocks. 40 Volunteers Selected by advertising Not in College/High School Rigged draw made sure participant was always given the role of 'teacher' 'Teacher' gives shocks for every incorrect answer to the 'actor' 'Actor' goes silent after '315v' after complaining about pain/heart problems Measured by how far they went up the generator before refusing to go further.
                                        • Every participant went to at least 300v. 26 went all the way to 450v. Variations conducted include: Learner in the same room (40% went to the end) When teacher had to hold learners hand (30%)
                                        1. Meeus and Raaijmakers (Interview Sabotage) 1985

                                          Annotations:

                                          • Administrative Obedience : Carrying Out Orders to use Psychological-Administrative Violence To test obedience where harm would be done Participants ordered to harass a job applicant to make him nervous while sitting a test. 92% of Participants obeyed Variatons involved removing researcher presence and having two rebellious peers. Obedience dropped HUGELY in both.
                                          1. Agency Theory

                                            Annotations:

                                            • Human behaviour evolved to include the tendency to obey because rule-based behaviour enables stability in a complex human society.
                                            1. Autonomous

                                              Annotations:

                                              • Using our free will and take responsibility for our actions.
                                              1. Agentic

                                                Annotations:

                                                • Where we act on behalf on another
                                                1. Moral Strain

                                                  Annotations:

                                                  • Doing something that goes against our principles but seems to be for the greater good.
                                                  1. Prejudice

                                                    Annotations:

                                                    • An attitude towards another person based on little or no knowledge.
                                                    1. Discrimination

                                                      Annotations:

                                                      • Behaviour towards another person based on prejudice.
                                                  2. Social Identity Theory (Tajfel, 1970)
                                                    1. Social Categorisation

                                                      Annotations:

                                                      • The automatic act of putting yourself and others into groups along with stereotypical beliefs. In group - Groups you belong to Out group - Outside your in group
                                                      1. Social Identification

                                                        Annotations:

                                                        • Absorbing the culture of your group Associate with your group's values and norms Differentiate between out groups
                                                        1. Social Comparison

                                                          Annotations:

                                                          • To boost your own self-esteem, you need your group to appear 'better' by making other groups look bad in comparison.
                                                      2. Other Studies
                                                        1. Hofling et al. (Nurse Study) 1966

                                                          Annotations:

                                                          • Investigate aspects of the nurse-physician relationship. 3 hospitals. One as control. 12 nurses and 21 students nurses asked to fill a questionnaire.  Nurse is asked to give an overdose of a drug to a patient. Medication order given by phone. Drug is unauthorised. Unfamiliar voice.
                                                          • Questionnaire: 10/12 nurses and 21/21 students said they would have given the medication. Experiment: 21/22 nurses started to give the medication. Nearly all said they shouldn't have.
                                                          1. Tajfel et al. (Fake Art) 1971

                                                            Annotations:

                                                            • Aim was to test whether grouping was enough to produce prejudice. Schoolboys split into two groups Klee & Kandinsky Asked to award poins to two other boys (one from each group) at a time. Boys typically awarded more points to members of their in group.
                                                            1. Sherif et al. (Robber's Cave) 1961

                                                              Annotations:

                                                              • 2 groups of Boys. Field study. Unaware of each others existence. When introduced, strong in group prejudice was shown. 
                                                          2. Unit 1 : Cognitive Approach
                                                            1. Methodology
                                                              1. Lab Experiment
                                                                1. Advantages

                                                                  Annotations:

                                                                  • Extraneous Variables can be controlled Can be certain the independent variable did have an effect on the measured dependent variable
                                                                  1. Disadvantages

                                                                    Annotations:

                                                                    • Artificial Environment May not apply to real situations Often aware of being part of research Experimenter Effects
                                                                  2. Field Experiment
                                                                    1. Advantages

                                                                      Annotations:

                                                                      • Participants may not be aware of research Ecological Validity
                                                                      1. Disadvantages

                                                                        Annotations:

                                                                        • No control over setting More time-consuming Ethical Problems
                                                                      2. Natural Experiment

                                                                        Annotations:

                                                                        • Field experiment but the independent variable is not manipulated by the researcher.
                                                                        1. Advantages

                                                                          Annotations:

                                                                          • Ecological Validity More ethical
                                                                          1. Disadvantages

                                                                            Annotations:

                                                                            • Lack of control over participants Extraneous Variables affecting results
                                                                          2. Terminology
                                                                            1. Experimental Hypothesis

                                                                              Annotations:

                                                                              • Prediction of study outcome.
                                                                              1. One Tailed/Directional

                                                                                Annotations:

                                                                                • Direction of results can be predicted
                                                                                1. Two Tailed/Non - Directional

                                                                                  Annotations:

                                                                                  • A change or difference can be predicted, but not the direction.
                                                                                2. Null Hypothesis

                                                                                  Annotations:

                                                                                  • Statement that the results will be due to chance not to what was predicted.
                                                                                  1. Variables
                                                                                    1. Independent

                                                                                      Annotations:

                                                                                      • Manipulated or changed in order to demonstrate a difference between the experimental conditions.
                                                                                      1. Dependent

                                                                                        Annotations:

                                                                                        • Variable that is measured or the result of the experiment.
                                                                                        1. Extraneous

                                                                                          Annotations:

                                                                                          • Any variable, except the IV that can influence findings.
                                                                                          1. Confounding

                                                                                            Annotations:

                                                                                            • A factor that has not been controlled and that has a direct impact on findings.
                                                                                            1. Situational

                                                                                              Annotations:

                                                                                              • Things such as environment.
                                                                                              1. Participants

                                                                                                Annotations:

                                                                                                • For example in a driving test one's driving skills gives them an advantage.
                                                                                              2. Operationalisation

                                                                                                Annotations:

                                                                                                • Defining how you intend to measure the DV and alter conditions for the IV.
                                                                                                1. Participant Design

                                                                                                  Annotations:

                                                                                                  • Describes how the participants are distributed.
                                                                                                  1. Independent Measures Design

                                                                                                    Annotations:

                                                                                                    • When one of the conditions is tested on a group
                                                                                                    1. Repeated Measures Design

                                                                                                      Annotations:

                                                                                                      • The same participants used in all experimental conditions
                                                                                                      1. Matched Pairs Design

                                                                                                        Annotations:

                                                                                                        • Same as IM design, but  all participants matched on a quality.
                                                                                                      2. Order Effects

                                                                                                        Annotations:

                                                                                                        • Occur when they're in all conditions of experiment. Become practiced at the test or becoming tired from the test.
                                                                                                        1. Counterbalancing

                                                                                                          Annotations:

                                                                                                          • Participants divided equally between conditions to experience them in different order.
                                                                                                          1. Randomising

                                                                                                            Annotations:

                                                                                                            • Purely random counterbalancing.
                                                                                                          2. Ecological Validity

                                                                                                            Annotations:

                                                                                                            • How well a study represents a natural situation
                                                                                                            1. Experimenter Effects

                                                                                                              Annotations:

                                                                                                              • Things that may influence the way a participant responds because of the experimenter.
                                                                                                              1. Demand Characteristics

                                                                                                                Annotations:

                                                                                                                • Changing behaviour due to knowledge of experiment
                                                                                                            2. Theories of Memory
                                                                                                              1. Craik and Lockhart (Processing) 1972

                                                                                                                Annotations:

                                                                                                                • Investigating how deep and shallow processing affects memory recall. Participants presented with 60 words answering 1 of  3 questions. 1 of each type of processing. They recalled more words that were semantically processed.
                                                                                                                1. Shallow Processing
                                                                                                                  1. Structural Processing

                                                                                                                    Annotations:

                                                                                                                    • Using the physical qualities of something to encode it.
                                                                                                                    1. Phonetic Processing

                                                                                                                      Annotations:

                                                                                                                      • Using sound to encode something
                                                                                                                    2. Deep Processing
                                                                                                                      1. Semantic Processing

                                                                                                                        Annotations:

                                                                                                                        • Encoding the meaning of a word relating to similar words.
                                                                                                                        1. Elaboration Rehearsal

                                                                                                                          Annotations:

                                                                                                                          • Having a more meaningful analysis of information
                                                                                                                        2. Rehearsal Types
                                                                                                                        3. Atknison and Shiffrin (Multi-Store Model) 1968
                                                                                                                          1. Sensory Register

                                                                                                                            Annotations:

                                                                                                                            • Information enters, lasting around 2 seconds. If not attended to, lost immediately.
                                                                                                                            1. Short Term Memory

                                                                                                                              Annotations:

                                                                                                                              • Lost if not rehearsed e.g Phone Number
                                                                                                                              1. Long Term Memory

                                                                                                                                Annotations:

                                                                                                                                • Information is stored from STM. Lasts for years Infinite Storage
                                                                                                                              2. Baddeley and Hitch (Working Memory) 1974
                                                                                                                                1. Phonological Loop

                                                                                                                                  Annotations:

                                                                                                                                  • Deals with verbal information. 'Inner voice'
                                                                                                                                  1. Primary Acoustic Store

                                                                                                                                    Annotations:

                                                                                                                                    • Holds acoustic information
                                                                                                                                    1. Visuo-spatial Scratchpad

                                                                                                                                      Annotations:

                                                                                                                                      • Deals with visual and spatial information
                                                                                                                                      1. Central Executive

                                                                                                                                        Annotations:

                                                                                                                                        • Directs the flow of information
                                                                                                                                      2. Reconstructive Memory

                                                                                                                                        Annotations:

                                                                                                                                        • Using imagination and best guesses to complete the memory.
                                                                                                                                      3. Theories of Forgetting
                                                                                                                                        1. Cue Dependent Forgetting

                                                                                                                                          Annotations:

                                                                                                                                          • Failure to remember as an accessibility problem. If we don't remember it's because we're not in a similar situation.
                                                                                                                                          1. Tip of the Tongue Phenomenom

                                                                                                                                            Annotations:

                                                                                                                                            • Knowing the memory exists but being temporarily unable to recall it.
                                                                                                                                            1. Tulving's Specificity Principle

                                                                                                                                              Annotations:

                                                                                                                                              • The greater the similarity between the encoding event and retrieval event, the greater the likelihood of recalling the original memory.
                                                                                                                                            2. Context Dependent Forgetting

                                                                                                                                              Annotations:

                                                                                                                                              • Being in the same environment as a memory can aid recall of the memory
                                                                                                                                              1. Godden & Baddeley (Diver Study) 1975

                                                                                                                                                Annotations:

                                                                                                                                                • Were asked to recall words in a different environment (under water and on land). Without the same conditions, divers forgot the words.
                                                                                                                                                1. Grant and Bredahl et al. (Word Recall) 1998

                                                                                                                                                  Annotations:

                                                                                                                                                  • Memory for unrelated words where low when learned in noisy conditions and testing in quiet conditions. Opposite for quiet learning and quiet testing.
                                                                                                                                              2. Other Studies
                                                                                                                                                1. Collins and Loftus (Spreading Activation Model) 1975
                                                                                                                                                  1. Loftus et al (Weapon Focus) 1987
                                                                                                                                                2. Unit 2 : Psychodynamic Approach
                                                                                                                                                  1. Unit 2 : Biological Approach
                                                                                                                                                    1. Unit 2 : Learning Approach
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