15812068
Description
Mind Map by Emily Rondinone, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Emily Rondinone
over 5 years ago
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Atrial
Fibrillation
- Clinical Manifestations
- Symptoms
(Jankowska-Polańska, Kaczan,
Lomper, Nowakowski, & Dudek,
2018).
- Psychological
distress
- Those with atrial fibrillation have a high prevalence
of anxiety and depression caused by the symptoms
they experience thus resulting in a decreased quality
of life (Gehi et al., 2012).
- Those with atrial fibrillation have a high prevalence
of anxiety and depression caused by the symptoms
they experience thus resulting in a decreased quality
of life (Gehi et al., 2012).
- Shortness of breath
- Atrial Fibrillation may be
asymptomatic in some
patients (Medical
Advisory Secretariat,
2006)
- Weakness
- Heart
palpitations
- Chest
pain
- Sleep
difficulties
- Exercise intolerance (McCabe, Rhudy,
Chamberlain, & DeVon, 2016).
- Psychological
distress
- Signs (Natale
& Jalife,
2008).
- Tachycardia
- Reduced cardiac output
- Symptoms include decreased limp temperature, increased
core temperature, decreased urine output, and mottled
skin colour (Cuadrado, 2002).
- Symptoms include decreased limp temperature, increased
core temperature, decreased urine output, and mottled
skin colour (Cuadrado, 2002).
- Radial pulse is lower than
apical pulse (Lippincott,
2011).
- Abnormal ECG findings
(Lippincott, 2011)
- Atrial activity is no longer represented by P waves but by
fibrillatory waves (f waves). This rhythm may be either
sustained or paroxysmal (occurring in bursts).
- Irregular pulse rhythm
- Undetectable atrial heart
rate
- Ventricular heart rate around 130 beats per
minute
- PQR - undetectable
- T wave -
undetectable
- QT - unmeasurable
- QRS complex - 0.08 second
- The first figure shows a healthy ECG
record. The second figure shows an ECG
with atrial fibrillation (Queiroz, Junior,
Lucena, & Barros, 2018).
- Atrial activity is no longer represented by P waves but by
fibrillatory waves (f waves). This rhythm may be either
sustained or paroxysmal (occurring in bursts).
- Tachycardia
- Symptoms
(Jankowska-Polańska, Kaczan,
Lomper, Nowakowski, & Dudek,
2018).
- Diagnostic Testing
- Complications
- Patients with may also experience increased
morbidity and mortality from complications such as
heart failure, strokes, hemorrhagic and
thromboembolic complications, heart attacks and
cardiovascular death (Jankowska-Polańska, Kaczan,
Lomper, Nowakowski, & Dudek, 2018; Mogensen et
al., 2017).
- Roughly 44% of those with one of
the three types of atrial fibrillation
had a stroke.
- Approximately 43% of those with any of the types of
atrial fibrillation have been hospitalized for heart failure
at some point.
- Around 69% of the deaths of those with atrial
fibrillation was due to a heart attack or other
sudden cardiovascular event.
- Roughly 44% of those with one of
the three types of atrial fibrillation
had a stroke.
- Patients with may also experience increased
morbidity and mortality from complications such as
heart failure, strokes, hemorrhagic and
thromboembolic complications, heart attacks and
cardiovascular death (Jankowska-Polańska, Kaczan,
Lomper, Nowakowski, & Dudek, 2018; Mogensen et
al., 2017).
- Classifications/Variations
- Treatment and Management
- Cardiac Ablation (Medical
Advisory Secretariat, 2006).
- Cardiac ablation involves using a probe with an electrode at the tip on cardiac tissue with
the goal of scarring the area to prevent an electrical current from being conducted through
the area.
- Types
- Segmental Pulmonary Vein Ablation: the
pulmonary vein is isolated from the left
atrium by applying lesions at the ostial
region of the pulmonary veins.
- Circumferential pulmonary vein ablation: surrounds the
pulmonary veins in linear lesions on the left atrial
myocardium outside the pulmonary vein ostia.
- Segmental Pulmonary Vein Ablation: the
pulmonary vein is isolated from the left
atrium by applying lesions at the ostial
region of the pulmonary veins.
- Catheter ablation is the procedure in which cardiac ablation is performed. It involves precisely
inserting a catheter through the femoral vein to access the heart in order to perform the ablation
procedure
- Types
- Cardiac ablation involves using a probe with an electrode at the tip on cardiac tissue with
the goal of scarring the area to prevent an electrical current from being conducted through
the area.
- Pharmacotherapy
- Heart Rate Control. In order for heart rate
to be considered controlled it must meet
three goals: controlled at rest, controlled
during activity, and regularization of the
heart rate (Natale & Jalife, 2008).
- Diltiazem or verapamil should be used as the preferred method over digoxin when using
pharmacotherapy in controlling heart rate as it has a better effect on the control of heart rate
during activity. Diltiazem or verapamil both have a rapid onset of action; this is especially
important in acute situations. β-blockers are the best at controlling heart rate with activity.
Atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, and nadolol are all effective at controlling heart rates at rest and
with exertion.
- Diltiazem or verapamil should be used as the preferred method over digoxin when using
pharmacotherapy in controlling heart rate as it has a better effect on the control of heart rate
during activity. Diltiazem or verapamil both have a rapid onset of action; this is especially
important in acute situations. β-blockers are the best at controlling heart rate with activity.
Atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, and nadolol are all effective at controlling heart rates at rest and
with exertion.
- Pharmacological Cardioversion
- Heart Rate Control. In order for heart rate
to be considered controlled it must meet
three goals: controlled at rest, controlled
during activity, and regularization of the
heart rate (Natale & Jalife, 2008).
- Cardiac Ablation (Medical
Advisory Secretariat, 2006).
- Etiology
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