Salma with facial rash

Description

Mind Map on Salma with facial rash, created by Fatima Alkhateeb on 17/03/2019.
Fatima Alkhateeb
Mind Map by Fatima Alkhateeb, updated more than 1 year ago
Fatima Alkhateeb
Created by Fatima Alkhateeb about 5 years ago
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Resource summary

Salma with facial rash
  1. Systemic Lupus Erythematous
    1. Immunopathology
      1. Presence of auto reactive B cells
        1. Lack of clearance
          1. Presence of inflammation
        2. Type 3 hypersensitivity
          1. Increased vascular permeability allows immune complexes to be deposited in the blood vessel walls
            1. This induces platelet aggregation and complement activation
              1. Neutrophils are attracted to the site by C3a and C5a
                1. Neutrophils release their lysosomal enzymes by exocytosis causing further damage to the vessel walls
          2. Type 2 hypersensitivity
            1. Autoantibodies against RBCS, WBCS and platelets
              1. Opsonize these cells and lead to their phagocytosis → Cytopenias
              2. Autoantibodies against phospholipids
                1. Secondary antiphospholipid syndrome → Hypercoagulable state
                  1. Risk of arterial thrombosis → MI, stroke or Libman-Sacks endocarditis
                    1. Risk of venous thrombosis
                      1. Risk of miscarriage in females
          3. Risk factors
            1. Genetic factors
              1. Familial association
                1. HLA association
                  1. Complement pathways
                    1. FcγRIIb
                    2. Environmental Factors
                      1. UV radiation
                        1. Cigarette smoking
                          1. Sex hormones
                            1. Drugs
                      2. Immunological abnormalities
                        1. Type I interferons
                          1. TLR signals
                            1. Failure of B cell tolerance
                      3. Signs and symptoms
                        1. Rash (Malar or discoid)
                          1. Serositis
                            1. Oral/nasopharyngeal ulcers
                              1. Photoensitivity
                                1. Immunological disorder (Anti-dsDNA, Anti-Sm)
                                  1. Neurological disorders
                                  2. ANA positive
                                  3. Renal disease
                                  4. Hematologic disorder
                                  5. Arthritis
                                2. Causes
                                  1. Sunlight exposure
                                    1. Infections
                                      1. Medications
                                        1. Hydralazine
                                          1. INH
                                            1. Procainamides
                                  2. Types
                                    1. Systemic lupus erythematosus
                                      1. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus
                                        1. Drug-induced lupus erythematosus
                                          1. Neonatal lupus
                                            1. It is a rare condition that affects infants of women who have lupus and is caused by antibodies from the mother acting upon the infant in the womb
                                              1. Anti-SSA, Anti-SSB positive
                                          2. Red, raised, scaly non-scarring rash
                                      2. Complications
                                        1. Blood
                                          1. Renal
                                            1. Membranous nephropathy
                                              1. Renal failure (main cause of death)
                                              2. Heart
                                                1. Libman-Sacks endocarditis
                                                  1. Acute pericarditis
                                                    1. CAD
                                                  2. ITP / IHA
                                                    1. Anemia of chronic disease
                                                  3. Investigations
                                                    1. Chemistry Panel
                                                      1. Complement
                                                        1. ESR, CBC, GFR
                                                          1. Urine Tests
                                                            1. Urine Protein
                                                              1. Creatinine Clearance:
                                                                1. Urinalysis
                                                      2. Management
                                                        1. prevent end-organ damage
                                                          1. prolong survival
                                                            1. maintain disease suppression
                                                              1. less number of flares
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