690122
Description
FUNCTION
WORDS
- DETERMINERS
- normally precede
nouns, and are
used to help
clarify the
meaning of the
noun
- definite article
- indicates that the referent
is know by the speaker
and the adressee
- indicates that the referent
is know by the speaker
and the adressee
- indefinite article
- makes clear that the
referent is one member
of a class
- makes clear that the
referent is one member
of a class
- demonstrative
- indicate that the referents are
'near to' or 'away from' the
speaker's immediate context
(this/that/these/those)
- indicate that the referents are
'near to' or 'away from' the
speaker's immediate context
(this/that/these/those)
- possesive
- tell us who or what the
noun belongs to
(my/his/her, etc)
- tell us who or what the
noun belongs to
(my/his/her, etc)
- quantifiers
- specify how many or how much of
the noun there is (every, some,
any, etc)
- specify how many or how much of
the noun there is (every, some,
any, etc)
- normally precede
nouns, and are
used to help
clarify the
meaning of the
noun
- PRONOUNS
- fill the position of a noun or
a whole noun phrase
- personal
- refer to the speaker, the
addressee(s), and other
entities
- are used far more
frequently than the other
classes of pronouns.
- refer to the speaker, the
addressee(s), and other
entities
- demonstrative
- refer to entities which are
'near to' v. 'away from' the
speaker's contex
- refer to entities which are
'near to' v. 'away from' the
speaker's contex
- reflexive
- refer back to a previous noun
phrase, usually the subject of
the clause: myself, herself, etc
- refer back to a previous noun
phrase, usually the subject of
the clause: myself, herself, etc
- reciprocal
- refer to a previous noun
phrase, but indicate that
there is a mutual relationship
- refer to a previous noun
phrase, but indicate that
there is a mutual relationship
- possesive
- are closely related to possessive
determiners and usually imply a
missing noun head: mine, yours, etc
- are closely related to possessive
determiners and usually imply a
missing noun head: mine, yours, etc
- indefinite
- compound words
consisting of quantifier +
general noun (everything,
nobody, someone, etc.
- consist of a
quantifier alone (all,
some, many, etc.)
- compound words
consisting of quantifier +
general noun (everything,
nobody, someone, etc.
- relative
- (who, whom, which, that)
introduce a relative clause
- (who, whom, which, that)
introduce a relative clause
- interrogative
- ask questions
about unknown
entities
- ask questions
about unknown
entities
- fill the position of a noun or
a whole noun phrase
- AUXILIARY VERBS
- They are added to a
main verb to help build
verb phrases, precede
the main or lexical verb
in a verb phrase
- primary
- They have inflections like
lexical verbs, but are
normally unstressed
- be
- progressive aspect
- passive
voice
- progressive aspect
- have
- perfect aspect
- perfect aspect
- do
- negative statements and in questions
- negative statements and in questions
- They have inflections like
lexical verbs, but are
normally unstressed
- modals
- express 'modality', such as possibility,
necessity, prediction, and volition
- will can shall may
must would could
should might
- express 'modality', such as possibility,
necessity, prediction, and volition
- They are added to a
main verb to help build
verb phrases, precede
the main or lexical verb
in a verb phrase
- PREPOSITIONS
- linking words that
introduce prepositional
phrases
- single word: on, for, with, etc
- complex
- have a meaning that cannot be derived
from the meaning of the parts. Two-word
complex prepositions normally end with a
simple preposition: such as, apart from, etc
- have a meaning that cannot be derived
from the meaning of the parts. Two-word
complex prepositions normally end with a
simple preposition: such as, apart from, etc
- linking words that
introduce prepositional
phrases
- ADVERBIAL PARTICLES
- small group of words
with a core meaning of
motion
- about, across, along, around, aside,
away, back, by, down, forth, home, in,
off; on, out, over, past, round, through,
under, up.
- follow verbs, and are closely
bound to them in meaning, they
are used to build phrasal verbs
- small group of words
with a core meaning of
motion
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