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Ecology- Study of how an organism interacts and depends on its environmentLevels of organization Species- an organism that can reproduce their own kind and offspring is fertile Population- Groups of organisms of one type that live in the same area Community- Populations that live together in a defined area Ecosystem- Community and its nonliving surroundings Biome- A section of Earth separated by climate Biosphere- life on Earth

Aspects of a population size dispersions Density Reproductive Strategies Growth

Size- total number of organisms in the populationVariables that limit population size Emigration- Decreases Immigration- Increases Births- Increases Deaths- Decreases

Density Dependent Factors Amount of food Predators Competition Climate Amount of space Diseases

Density Dependent FactorsExtreme Weather

Population Dispersions- How the populations are arranged in a community Clumped- Populations are close together Even/Uniform- Populations are spread equally apart Random- No pattern of the populations

Organization of lifeatoms-molecules-cells-tissue-organs-systems-organisms

Reproductive StrategiesK-Strategists Long life Few offspring Late maturity Large body size Reproduces more than once Parental care is common Stable environment r-Strategists Short life span Many offspring Early Maturity Small body size Reproduce once No parental care Unstable Environment

Population GrowthEvery population has a biotic potential Biotic Potential- The number of organisms a population can have based on the best conditions Carrying Capacity- The amount of a population the environment can support due to limiting factors Exponential Growth- Growth that is unlimited

Community Interaction Competition Predation Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism

Competition for resourcesNiche- A job or a role Reproduce Find Food Avoid Predators Find Shelter

Predation- Predator hunts to kill to eatPrey is what is being huntedCharacteristics of a predator-prey cycle When predators increase, prey decrease One peak follows another Always more prey than predators

Defenses Active- Running, hiding, defending Passive- Aposematic, Batesian, Mullerian Mimicry

Symbiotic relationships- depend on each other3 types Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism

Mutualism- ++ both benefitParasitism- +- one benefits and one is harmedCommensalism- +0 one benefits and one is not harmed

Energy flow in an ecosystemFood Chains, Food webs, Energy pyramidBegins with Sun (initial source)Energy is never recycledPhotosynthesis- chemical reaction where green plants use water and carbon dioxide to store the sun's energy in glucoseProducers- Organisms that make glucose during photosynthesisConsumers- Cannot make own food Primary Consumers- Consumers that eat producers Secondary Consumers- Consumers that eat primary consumers Tertiary Consumers- High-level consumers, eat secondary consumers Omnivores- Eat producers and consumers Scavengers- Eat the leftovers of consumers

Food chain- Transfer of energyEnergy Pyramid- Represents energy flow through an ecosystem Energy decreases by 90% at each trophic level

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