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1The Coriolis force is a force acting on ocean water as a result of:
- ADifferences in sea surface height
- BFriction of wind on the ocean surface
- CThe rotation of the earth
- DDifferences in water temperature and salinity
2Consider the west coast of a continent. Which of the following circumstances are most likely to lead to an upwelling of nutrient rich oceanic water at the coast?
- AThe continent is in the Northern hemisphere, the wind is blowing from the south to north, the Coriolis force will move water surface water onshore
- BThe continent is in the Southern hemisphere, the wind is blowing from the south to north, the Coriolis force will move surface water offshore
- CThe continent is in the Southern hemisphere, the wind is blowing from the north to south, the Coriolis force will move surface water offshore
- DThe continent is in the Northern hemisphere, the wind is blowing from the south to north, the Coriolis force will move water surface water offshore
3A shoreline with high exposure to wind and wave action would most likely be:
- ASoft with fine sediments
- BRocky with encrusting animals such as barnacles
- CLined by mangroves
- DAll of the above
4Consider ocean primary productivity. Which ONE of the following statements is CORRECT.
- AAll primary production in the ocean is by photosynthesis
- BRespiration rate of marine organisms is limited by light
- CIn a photosynthetic organism, the depth at which photosynthetic output and respiratory consumption are equal is the Compensation Dept
- DThe dysphotic zone is the zone above the compensation dept
5Phytoplankton and algae are considered important __________ in marine systems for their ability to use light to produce _____ through photosynthesis.
- APrimary producers; carbon dioxide
- BSecondary producers; oxygen
- CPrimary producers; carbohydrates
- DSecondary producers; carbon dioxide
6The following are reasons proposed for the decline of giant kelp in Australia. Indicate which of these alternatives are correct:
i. The increase in water temperature off eastern Tasmania
ii. Urchin grazing pressure high
iii. Over-harvesting in some areas
iv. The fall of dissolved nutrient levels in the ocean waters of Tasmania
v. Fine sediments prevent fertilisation- AAll the above are correct
- BOnly i, ii and iii are correct
- COnly i, ii, iii and v are correct
- DOnly i, iii, iv and v are correct
7On a sandy beach in Australia, most of the animal life is likely to be found as
- Aorganisms stranded above the waterline
- Bvertebrates living in the swash zone
- Cfish moving through the surf zone
- Dsmall, cryptic invertebrates that are hidden in the sand
- Edon't have answer yet
8The sea surface on the [[blank_start]x[blank_end]] side of continents tends to be warmer and have [[blank_start]y[blank_end]] levels of nutrients than the sea surface on the [[blank_start]z[blank_end]] side of continents.
- Aeastern
- Blower
- Cwestern
9Choose the statement that is not correct
- AUpwelling provides nutrients for primary production
- BEddies can bring nutrients up to the surface
- CUpwelling only occurs along coastlines
- DCoastal upwelling is associated with plentiful fisheries
10Most of the ocean is relatively shallow (less than 200m deep)
- ATrue
- BFalse
11 Choanocytes are:
- AA digestive organ in cnidarians
- BSpecialised feeding cells in sponges
- CReproductive cells in sponges.
- DA tissue layer involved in feeding in sponges
12To which phylum do I belong?[blank_start]______________________[blank_end]
I have 3 tissue layers and a coelom. I have segments and bilateral symmetry. Each segment has parapodia and setae.- Aannelida
13Which of the following DOES NOT have an exoskeleton? Mark more than one if you think there is more than one correct answer
- APolychaete worms
- BPrawn (crustacean)
- CSea urchin
- Dsnail
- Ecoral
14Which of the following is incorrect?
- AProtistans can be divided into protozoans and photosynthesizing protists
- BProtista is a single phylum of single celled organisms
- CProtistans can move by flagella, cilia or amoebic movement.
- DProtistans respire through diffusion across the cell rather than having specialised organs.
15Which of the following are present in all classes of cnidarians (more than one may be true)?
- Anematocysts
- Btentacles
- Cmedusa
- Dpolyps
- Etwo cell layers
16Which of the following animals are likely to use copulation rather than spawning for reproduction?
- Asnails
- Bgiant clam
- Csponge
- Dcoral
17Put the following animals in to the right classes. They all belong to which phylum? [[blank_start]w[blank_end]]
I have torsion and my larvae has a coiled shell. When my body is untwisted, I have bilateral symmetry. Class [[blank_start]x[blank_end]]
I have excellent eyes and can change colour extremely quickly to blend in to my background.
Class [y]. I have two shells joined by a hinge. I filter feed and reproduce by spawning. Class [[blank_start]z[blank_end]]- Amollusc
- Bcephalopod
- Cbivalve
18
Which of the following is not true?- ASome sea stars feed by everting their stomachs and squirting digestive juices over their food
- BSea cucumbers are predatory feeders chasing prey across the substrate
- CCrinoids feed by filter feeding using their arms to capture particles as they pass
- DSea urchins use Aristotle’s lantern to help them scrape algae from surfaces
19All molluscs have a shell somewhere in their life cycle
- ATrue
- BFalse
20
Which one of the following statements is not generally true of seabirds- ASeabirds mate for life
- BSeabirds are solitary birds and seek quiet nesting locations
- CSeabird pairs have only a few young at each breeding season
- DSeabirds are long-lived birds
- ESeabird parents put a lot of time and effort into rearing their young
21Australia has a couple of species of freshwater river dolphins that are critically endangered.
- ATrue
- BFalse
22For what feeding strategy are frigate birds most well known
- ALooting, i.e., stealing food from other birds
- BAerial predation on flying fish
- CPursuit diving, i.e., chasing prey underwater
- DPlunge diving to great depths to grab a prey item
- ESurface dipping to catch fish just below the water surface
23The dorsal plate of a sea turtle's shell is called the [[blank_start]x[blank_end]] and the bottom plate is called the [[blank_start]y[blank_end]]
- Acarapace
- Bplastron
24Sea snakes are air breathers so have to come to the water surface to breathe. However, some snakes are able to extend their submergence time through what additional means?
- Agills
- Bgaseous exchange across the skin
- Ca pair of particularly voluminous lungs
- Drespiratory pouches in the cloaca
- Echeek pouches that can hold extra oxygen during a dive
25True sea snakes of sub-family Hydrophiinae are closely related to many of Australia's most venomous terrestrial snakes - they all fall within family Elapidae. An obvious feature that sea snakes share with terrestrial elapids is:
- AA flattened paddle-like tail
- BPaired lungs instead of the single lung possessed by most snakes
- CA pair of fangs situated at the front of the mouth
- DWarm-bloodedness
- EComing ashore to mate and lay eggs
26The uropygial gland of a seabird:
- Ais situated on the skin surface and functions as a sweat gland
- Bis situated below the blubber layer and helps to redirect warm blood back towards the body core
- Cis situated above the base of the tail and produces waterproofing oil
- Dis found in the oesophagus of a mother and secretes a milky substance for baby birds
- Eis situated above the eye and excretes salt
27Which of the following may constitute developing threats to southern right whales in Queensland waters?
- Agetting entangled in nets used for commercial fisheries and swimmer protection from sharks
- Bexposure to noise pollution caused by ships, dredging etc
- Cgetting hit by boats
- Deach of answers A, B and C pose threats
- Enone of the above threats apply because southern right whales are not found in Queensland.
28Green turtles are the only sea turtles that
- Ahave a long juvenile pelagic phase
- Bcan live in cold sub-polar waters
- Care herbivorous
- Dundertake long migrations from feeding grounds to breeding rookeries
- Ecare for their young
29Turtle exclusion devices serve as useful conservation tools that help to minimise the number of sea turtles that:
- Aclimb over sand dunes and enter townships
- Bconsume bait on long-line hooks and consequently drown
- Care caught and drowned in trawl nets
- Dare captured then sold in markets for human consumption
- Ea. eat plastic bags then suffer gut blockage and die
30We can tell when a male dugong reaches sexual maturity because he has a distinct increase in blood and faecal levels of the male sex hormone, testosterone, and has a pair of [[blank_start]x[blank_end]].
- Atusks
31The global range of the dugong can be described as
- Apan tropical
- Bthroughout the Indo-Pacific
- Ctropical to temperate
- Drestricted to northern Australia
- Ethroughout all of the world's major oceans
32Which of the following statements is not true of commercial whaling
- AWhaling and whale products were the basis for Australia's earliest export industry
- BMore than 2 million whales were slaughtered in the Southern Ocean in the twentieth century
- CMost whale species and populations have recovered since the end of whaling
- DA whaling station targetting humpback whales operated out of Moreton Bay for 10 years from 1952-1962
- EHistory of whaling is characterised by systematic discovery then over-exploitation of whale populations
33In Australian coastal waters, the single biggest threat to sea snake populations is most probably:
- Acommercial harvest for food
- Bboat strike
- Chabitat loss
- Dfisheries bycatch
- Eblue-green algal blooms
34Phocid seals, including southern elephant seals, are able to rotate their pelvis to bring their hind limbs under their bodies when on land, so can run effectively on their hind legs.
- ATrue
- BFalse
35All of the available evidence suggests that sea snakes evolved:
- Afrom eel-like fish rather than from reptilian ancestors
- Bfrom a single pair of sea snakes that boarded the ark with Noah
- Cbetween 60 and 70 million years ago, i.e., they are the most ancient reptilian group
- Dmore than 50 million years ago, i.e., before mammals returned to the sea
- Eless than 30 million years ago: they are one of the youngest groups of reptiles
36The juveniles of some sea turtle species that hatch in eastern Australian rookeries travel out across the southern Pacific Ocean via the East Australian Current and the South Pacific Gyre. These hatchlings are likely to pass through the coastal waters of [[blank_start]x[blank_end]] in South America.
- APeru
37As we go from south to north, the biodiversity [[blank_start]w[blank_end]]
As we go from south to north, the temperature [[blank_start]x[blank_end]]
As we go from the inshore to the offshore reefs, the water quality [[blank_start]y[blank_end]]
As we go from the inshore to the offshore reefs, the biodiversity [[blank_start]z[blank_end]]- Aincreases
- Bincreases
- Cincreases
- Dincreases
38In the Caribbean, reefs have become degraded over the last few decades. There have been many steps towards this degradation and then recently hurricanes and bleaching have added to the difficulties.
Which of the following events occured as part of this reef degradation? Put yes or no for each.
Arrival of coral disease. [[blank_start]w[blank_end]]
Loss of dominant sea urchins (Diadema). [[blank_start]x[blank_end]]
Increase in algal cover [[blank_start]y[blank_end]]
Loss of most of an iconic tall Acropora species [[blank_start]z[blank_end]]- Ayes
- Byes
- Cyes
- Dyes
39Choose the correct option for the blank from the choices in the bracket after the blank.
Corals that feed a lot by capturing food in their tentacles may do [[blank_start]x[blank_end]] (better or worse) in bleaching events.
Most corals are [[blank_start]y[blank_end]] (hermaphrodites or gonochoric) and [[blank_start]z[blank_end]] (spawn or brood).
Mucus protects corals from [[blank_start]a[blank_end]] (predation or desiccation) at low tides and helps them remove [[blank_start]b[blank_end]] (sediment or fish).- Abetter
- Bhermaphrodites
- Cspawn
- Ddesiccation
- Esediment
40Light is important for coral reefs. Indicate whether the following statements are true or false.
Lack of light can reduce photosynthesis by zooxanthellae. [[blank_start]w[blank_end]]
The only problem for corals with high sediment load is with the reduction of light caused by water turbidity. [[blank_start]x[blank_end]]
Reefs may have been able to spread to deeper water had corals not had to rely on zooxanthellae for their carbon [[blank_start]y[blank_end]]
Competition of corals with algae is partly about competing for light. [[blank_start]z[blank_end]]- Atrue
- Bfalse
- Ctrue
- Dtrue
41Select the INCORRECT answer about coral bleaching:
- AAll corals that bleach will die within a few weeks of the bleaching event.
- BThe undersides of corals will bleach later than the uppersides during a summer bleaching event as they do not receive as much light.
- CMass bleaching events are a recent phenomenon with the first significant ones reported in 1979
- DWinter bleaching events mostly affect the corals that are exposed during low tides
42Which of the following are true about coral bleaching? (there can be more than one answer)
- AMass bleaching is most commonly caused by an increase in temperature combined with sunlight.
- BAnything that interferes with the photosynthetic mechanisms of the zooxanthellae can cause the coral to bleach.
- CLive zooxanthellae can leave the coral when corals bleach.
- DBleached corals always die
- EA, B & C
43Which statement is CORRECT about aragonite saturation
- AReefs are able to grow well when the aragonite saturation is above 3.28
- BThe aragonite saturation increases as more carbon dioxide is dissolved in the sea
- CThere are more areas suitable for very good reef growth now than there were in preindustrial times
- DThe aragonite saturation is a measure of how much calcium is available in seawater
44Destructive fishing practices cause some problems for coral reefs. Which statement is FALSE?
- ACyanide fishing frequently results in bad health outcomes for employees in the industry.
- BDynamite causes fish to rise to the surface and they can then be caught easily with nets
- CBlasting reefs results in some damage to reefs but recovery is rapid.
- DCyanide fishing causes bleaching in corals
45There was a paper published in 2012 that reported loss of coral cover on the Great Barrier Reef in the preceding 27 years. Which of the following was responsible for the greatest percentage loss of coral cover in this study?
- ACrown of Thorns starfish
- BStorm and cyclone damage
- CCoral disease
- DCloral bleaching
46Corals live in symbiosis with zooxanthellae. From this mutualism, corals receive:
- Aphotosynthates (carbon) for energy
- BGlycerol
- Cassistance with calcification
- Dall of the above
47Select the INCORRECT statement
- ABiodiversity decreases north as you travel north and south away from the Coral Triangle.
- BThe reproductive strategy can have an important effect on the distribution of a marine species
- CThe area with the reefs of greatest biodiversity is in the Caribbean
- DNitrogen and phosphorus have largely negative effects on coral reproduction
48Which of the following statements is not true?
- APolyps capture food using their nematocysts to sting and tentacles to pull food in.
- BEach polyp has its own skeletal cup, nerve net and gut.
- CCorals are mostly colonial animals made up of many polyps.
- Dno material passes between polyps.
49Which of the following is NOT true about non carbonate reefs?
- ASea urchins are sometimes important herbivores eating algae on noncarbonate reefs.
- BNoncarbonate reefs are more common in low latitude areas
- CThere tends to be a higher proportion of brooding corals in noncarbonate reefs
- DGenerally, noncarbonate reefs are less biodiverse and have lower coral cover than carbonate reefs
50Which one of the following is/are possible impacts of port developments that are proposed along the Great Barrier Reef coastline?
- AAll of the above
- BIncrease in sediment loads for nearby reefs through dredging to make channels for ships to enter
- CA greater number of ships coming through the Great Barrier Reef lagoon
- DIncreased noise levels that can affect local dolphin populations
51What is Gross Primary Production?
- Athe total biomass of primary producers after one year's growth
- Bthe total amount of carbon fixed in photosynthesis
- Cwhat remains after respiration for consumers to consume
- Dthe amount of carbon fixed in photosynthesis minus the respiration
52What forms the base of the food web on open beaches? Chose the correct answer.
- Adetritus
- Bspinifex grass
- Csea grass
- Dbenthic microalgae
- Eghost crabs
53The global distribution of seagrass meadows are
- Aonly tropical
- Btropical, subtropical and temperate
- Cpolar
- Dmainly temperate
54Choose the one false statement below
- Aseagrasses are marine flowering plants
- Bgreen algae are mostly found in freshwater
- Cred algae are mostly marine
- Dbrown algae are mostly found in freshwater
55
Intermittently Closed and Open Lagoons (ICOLs) are common features of Australian estuaries. Mark statements as True or False
During the closed phase water quality can improve [[blank_start]w[blank_end]]
Opening them permanently leads to increased tidal action and higher water salinity [[blank_start]x[blank_end]]
Storms can lead to opening of ICOLs [[blank_start]y[blank_end]]
Many ICOLs along the east coast of Australia are opened by removing sand at the mouth [[blank_start]z[blank_end]]- Afalse
- Btrue
- Ctrue
- Dtrue
56Identify the correct combination of features to characterise cartilage
- Ainelastic, vascular, mineralised, cells called osteocytes
- Belastic, non-vascular, entirely organic, cells called osteocytes
- Cinelastic, vascular, mineralised, cells called chondrocytes
- Delastic, vascular, entirely organic, cells called chondrocytes
- Eelastic, non-vascular, entirely organic, cells called chondrocytes
57Commercial fisheries production is high in estuaries. Indicate the incorrect statement below.
- AIn estuaries there is a range of habitats, including important nursery habitats for some species
- BIn estuaries, saltmarsh, mangrove and seagrasses often occur
- CIn estuaries there are large areas of shallow, benthic habitats
- DFish and crustaceans grow more rapidly in water with lower salinity than seawater
58Which one of these statements about mangroves is false?
- APropagules form after germinating on the parent trees
- BSeeds and propagules can be dispersed in tidal flows
- CPropagules are photosynthetic
- DPropagules have extended dormancy
- EMany mangrove tree species produce propagules rather than seeds
- FPropagules are buoyant
59Where might you find the largest extent of mangrove forests?
- Asteep coastlines with high wave energy
- Bgently sloping coastlines with muddy or sandy sediments
- Crocky shores with low wave energy
- Drocky shores
60A euryhaline organism is most likely to be found in which of the following habitats:
- ASuper salty environments
- BFreshwater to marine systems
- CStrictly marine systems
- DFreshwater systems
61What is arguably the major factor controlling the distribution of plant and animal communities across an estuary?
- ASalinity
- BWater oxygen levels
- CNutrient supply
- DSuspended sediments
62When the tide recedes (goes out) across a rocky shore, intertidal marine organisms may be affected by:
- Aincreased desiccation
- Bthermal stress
- Cexposure to air
- Dreduced predation
- Eall of the above
63Most reef fish are:
- ASimultaneous hermaphrodites
- BMouth brooders
- CSequential hermaphrodites
- DGonochoristic
64Select the appropriate option to fill in the blanks in the following statement. As the …….. of reef structure increases, there is an ……. in both the …… of fish and the …….. of fishes
- Asimplicity, increase, number, abundance
- Bdiversity, increase, complexity, number
- Ccomplexity, increase, number, diversity
- Dcomplexity, decrease, number, diversity
65 Identify the one FALSE statement regarding planktivorous fishes
- ADiurnal planktivorous fish contribute significantly to the capture and retention of nutrients that would otherwise be lost to the reef system
- BNocturnal planktivorous fish contribute to reef energy mostly as prey captured by piscivores
- CSome planktivores can capture prey items without moving their bodies.
- DMigrating planktivores tend to be small and avoid swimming in schools so that they can avoid detection by piscivores
66Identify the one CORRECT statement:
- AA protogynous fish has the potential to reproduce as a female first, then as male.
- BA protandrous fish hatches as a male larva, but turns into a female when it recruits to the reef
- CProtandrous fish always engage in internal fertilisation.
- DA protogynous fish has both male and female gonads that are able to produce sperm and egg at all times.
67Box jellyfish are found in offshore environments?
- ATrue
- BFalse
68 Identify the one INCORRECT statement with regard to the life cycle of coral reef fishes
- AThe pelagic larval duration of reef fish is always correlated to the biogeographic range of the species.
- BLarval reef fishes have well-developed sensory systems.
- CMost reef fishes have pelagic eggs.
- DLarval reef fishes are capable of sustained directional swimming soon after hatching.
69
I have big, sharp teeth, my jaws expand so I can eat prey larger than myself. My eyes are large and face upwards. I have a strip of bioluminescence on my ventral (under) side. Where would I be mostly likely to live? (which [blank_start]zone[blank_end])- Amesopelagic
70
I am an animal that floats all my life and eats phytoplankton as it comes past. In what [blank_start]zone[blank_end] do I live?- Aepipelagic
71Please fill in the blanks with 'true' or 'false':
Living organisms can create new energy which they can transfer to another kind of energy. [[blank_start]x[blank_end]]
Energy is degraded (lost to space) at each level from photosynthesis to primary producers to carnivores. [[blank_start]y[blank_end]]
Primary productivity is stable across the globe with respect to longitude and time. [[blank_start]z[blank_end]]- Afalse
- Btrue
- Cfalse
72Identify the one INCORRECT statement with regards to the life cycle of coral reef fishes
- AThe rate of predation on a reef is less than in the surrounding pelagic environment
- BLarval fish tend to recruit to the reef at night
- CEggs and sperm tend to be spawned at sunset
- DRecent findings suggest that as many as 50% of larval fish recruit to their natal reef.
73Identify the one INCORRECT statement regarding sex change in fish:
- ADifferences in the direction of sex change are determined primarily by variation in how male fitness varies with size.
- BClownfish tend to be protandrous, Parrotfish tend to be protogynous.
- CSex change occurs when the reproductive value of an individual varies with age or size, and is different for males and females.
- DSex change is heavily influenced by the fact that male fecundity almost always increases rapidly with size, often following a cubed relationship.
74Coastal dead zones’ occur when:
- Ahigh freshwater flow from rivers reduces salinity along coasts to <10 ppt, and euryhaline marine species die due to their inability to cope with low
salinity - Bland pollution is so extreme that coastal plant and animal communities succumb to toxic contaminants
- Cexcess nutrients fertilise plankton blooms, benthic bacteria feed on dead plankton, and bacterial blooms deplete oxygen in water
- Dhigh sediment load from coastal flooding enters marine ecosystems, water turbidity is so high and light penetration through water so low that marine plants are unable to photosynthesize
- Ahigh freshwater flow from rivers reduces salinity along coasts to <10 ppt, and euryhaline marine species die due to their inability to cope with low
75Which statement is FALSE? Choose ONE
- AProtozoans are single celled animals
- BProtozoans do not have a nucleus
- CProtozoans have specialized ‘organelles’ for feeding and controlling water
pressure - DSome protozoans have calcium carbonate tests.
76Which is the INCORRECT statement? Choose ONE
- ASpicules can be made of calcium carbonate or silicon.
- BSponges have no tissues, just cells grouped together to make the animal
- CSponges are an important group for looking at the history of past
environmental factors. - DChoanocytes are the reproductive structures of sponges.
77The species of sea turtle that is endemic to Australian waters is the:
- Aleatherback
- Bgreen
- Cflatback
- Dloggerhead
78The breeding grounds of the east Australian humpback whales include:
- Athe waters of northern Australia
- Boffshore from the coast of New South Whales
- Cantarctic waters
- Dthe waters inside the Great Barrier Reef
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- Quiz on Untitled, created by Mikaela Fredrikson on 14/11/2017.
- Author
- Mikaela Fredrikson
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