Quiz
SCLY1 - Families and Households - Topic 5 - Changing family patterns (AQA AS Sociology)
Questions in this quiz (73)
1Since the 1960's, there has been a great _____________ in the number of divorces in the UK.
- AIncrease
- BDecrease
2The number of Divorces ____________ between 1961 and 1969, and ___________ again by 1972.
- ADoubled
- BHalved
- CTripled
3Divorce peaked in 1993 at _______.
- A180,000
- B200,000
- C100,000
4Divorce has __________ since 1993, but still stood at _________ in 2001.
- Afallen and 157,000
- Brisen and 200,000
- Cremained stable and 187,000
5About __ out of ___ divorce petitions now come from women. This is in sharp contrast to the situation in the past. For example, in 1946, only 37% of petitions came from women. The commonest reason for a woman to be granted a divorce is the unreasonable behaviour of her husband.
- A7 and 10
- B5 of 10
- C11 of 20
6Fill in the missing years for the changes in divorce law:
Ground for divorce equalised for men and women ( )
Grounds widened to include desertion and cruelty ( )
Divorce Law Reform Act ( )- A1923, 1937, 1969
- B1900, 1950, 2000
- C1950, 1965, 1970
7Divorce rates have ____________ with every change in law.
- ARisen
- BFallen
- CBeen unaffected
8Declining stigma and changing attitudes - In the past divorces and divorcees have been stigmatised. For example, churches tended to condemn and often refuse to conduct weddings involving divorcees. __________________ and ____________________ note that an important change since the 1960's has been the rapid decline in the stigma attached to divorce.
- AMitchell and Goody (1997)
- BFletcher (1966)
- CCrow (2001)
9Secularisation - Religious influences in society declining and society is becoming more secular. According to the 2001 Census data, _____ of young people with no religion were cohabiting compared to only _____ of Christians, ___ of Muslims and ___ of Sikhs.
- A43%, 34%, 17%, 10%
- B50%, 20%, 10%, 12%
- C60%, 15%, 11% 13%
10Functionalist sociologists such as _________________ argue that the higher expectations people place on marriage today are a major cause of rising divorce rates. Higher expectations make couples nowadays less willing to tolerate an unhappy marriage.
- AFletcher (1966)
- BCrow (2001)
11Who said this " Love, personal commitment and intrinsic satisfaction are now seen as the cornerstones of marriage. The absence of these feelings, is itself justification for ending the relationship." ?
- AAllan and Crow (2001)
- BFletcher (1966)
- CMitchell and Goody (1997)
12__________________ take a an optimistic view of today's high divorce rates. They point to the continuing popularity of marriage. Arguing that most adults marry and the high rate of remarriage after divorce shows that although divorcees may have become dissatisfied with a particular partner they have not rejected marriage as an institution.
- AFunctionalists
- BFeminists
- CMarxists
13________________ argue that the oppression of women within the family is the main cause of conflict and divorce, but functionalists ignore this. Although functionalists offer an explanation of rising divorce rates, they fail to explain why it is mainly women who seek divorce.
- AFeminists
- BMarxists
- CThe New Right
14One reason for rising divorce rates and women seeking divorce more is the changes in the position of women. For example women today are much more likely to be in paid work, the proportion of women working rose from _____ in 1959 to _______ in 2005.
- A47% and 70%
- B20% and 50%
- C5% and 47%
15Although women generally still earn less than men, equal pay and anti-discrimination laws have helped narrow the pay gap. This has made women more economically dependent and led to a rise in divorce rates.
- ATrue
- BFalse
16The availability of welfare benefits means that women no longer have rely financially on their husbands.
- ATrue
- BFalse
17_______ and _________ argue that marriage is less embedded within the economic system now. There are fewer family firms and the family is no longer a unit of production, therefore spouses are no longer financially interdependent.
- AAllan and Crow (2001)
- BPahl and Vogler (1993)
18___________ argues that for many women, the home compares unfavourably with work. At work women feel valued. At home, mens continuing resistance to doing housework is a source of frustration and makes marriage less stable.
- AHochschild (1997)
- BBernard (1976)
- CMorgan (1996)
19___________ see a high divorce rate as undesirable because it undermines the traditional nuclear family. In their view, divorce creates an underclass of welfare dependent female lone parents and leaves boys without the adult male role model that they need.
- AThe New Right
- BFeminists
- CPost modernists
20_________ see the high divorce rate as desirable because it shows that women are breaking free from the oppression of the patriarchal nuclear family.
- AFeminists
- BMarxists
- CThe New Right
21_____________ see a high divorce rate as giving individuals the freedom to choose to end a relationship when it no longer meets their needs. They see it as a cause of greater family diversity.
- APost modernists
- BFunctionalists
- CMarxists
22_______________ argue that a high divorce rate does not necessarily prove that marriage as a social institution is under threat. It is simply the result of peoples higher expectations of marriage today. The high rate of re-marriage shows how peoples continuing commitment to the idea of marriage.
- AFunctionalists
- BMarxists
- CFeminists
23______________ aim to understand what divorce means to the individual. Morgan (1996) argues that we cannot generalise about the meaning of divorce because every individual's interpretation of it is different . Mitchell and Goody provide an example of this. One of their interviewees described the day her father left as the best day of her life, whereas another said she had never recovered from her father deserting the family
- AInteractionists
- BPost modernists
- CThe new right
24Marriage patterns; In 2005,there were ____________ first marriages - less than half the number for 1970.
- A170,800
- B200,000
- C100,000
25There are more remarriages than before. In 2005, __ out of every 10 marriages were remarriages. For many people this is leading to 'serial monogamy'; a pattern of marriage - divorce - remarriage.
- A4
- B7
- C9
26People are marrying later; the average age of first marriage rose by seven years between 1971 and 2005, when it reached ___ for men and ___ for women.
- A32 and 30
- B25 and 27
- C20 and 25
27Couples are less likely to marry in a church. In 1981, ___% of weddings were conducted with religious ceremonies, but by 2005 this had fallen to ___%
- A60 and 35
- B90 and 50
- C80 and 40
28Which one of these is not a reason for the changing patterns of marriage?
- AChanging attitudes to marriage
- BSecularisation
- CDeclining stigma attached to the alternatives to marriage.
- DChanges in the position of women
- EFear of divorce
- FRising influence of religion in society
29According to the British Social Survey (2000) only __% of those surveyed agreed with the view that ' there is no point in getting married - it is only a piece of paper' whilst ___% disagreed.
- A9 and 74
- B20 and 80
- C1 and 90
30Cohabitation involves an unmarried couple in a sexual relationship living together.
- ATrue
- BFalse
31The number of couples cohabiting continues to ____________. There are over __ million cohabiting couples in Britain.
- AIncrease and 5
- BIncrease and 2
- CDecline and 1
32Increased cohabitation rates reflect the decline in stigma attached to sex outside of marriage. In 1989, only ___% of people agreed that 'premarital sex is not wrong at all' but by 2000 ___% took this view.
- A44 and 62
- B30 and 70
- C12 and 48
33For some couples, cohabitation is just a step on the way to getting married, whereas for others it is a permanent alternative to marriage.
- ATrue
- BFalse
34____________ argues that for most people, cohabitation is part of the process of getting married.
- AChester (1985)
- BMacklin (1980)
- CCheal (2002)
35_____________ 75% of cohabiting couples say they expect to marry each other and many see cohabitation as a trial marriage and intend to marry if it goes well.
- ACoast (2006)
- BStonewall (2008)
- CBejin (1985)
36____________ argues that cohabitation among some young people represents a conscious attempt to create a more personal, negotiated and equal relationship than conventional patriarchal marriages.
- ABejin (1985)
- BStoenwall (2008)
- CMacklin (1980)
37Cohabitation does not mean the same thing to every couple. __________ argues that the covers a diverse range of partnerships, and that the relationship between marriage and cohabitation is a complex and variable one.
- AMacklin (1980)
- BStonewall (2008)
- CWeston (1992)
38Stonewall (2008) - the campaign for lesbian, gay and bisexual rights, estimates that about 5-7% of the adult population today have same sex relationships. It is impossible to judge whether this represents an increase because in the past, stigma and illegality meant that such relationships were more likely to be hidden.
- ATrue
- BFalse
39____________ argues that increased social acceptance may explain a trend in recent years towards same sex cohabitation and stable relationships that resemble those found in among heterosexuals. _____ sees gays as creating families based on the idea of friendships become a type of kinship network. He describes these as 'chosen families' and argues that they offer the same security and stability as heterosexual families.
- AWeeks (1999)
- BWeston (1992)
- CCheal (2002)
40_____________ notes that, while many same sex couples welcome the opportunity to have their partnership legally recognised, others fear that it may limit the flexibility and negotiability of relationships. Rather than adopt what they see as heterosexual relationship norms, they wish to retain a status of difference.
- ACheal (2002)
- BWeston (1992)
- CStein (1976)
41There has been a big rise in the number of people living alone. In 2006, almost ___ in 10 households contained only one person - nearly 3x the figure for 1961.
- A3
- B7
- C5
42Half of all one-person households are people of pensionable age. Pensionable one- person households have doubled since 1961, while those of non-pensioners have tripled. Men under 65 were the group most likely to live alone, with a particularly large increase in the number of young men living alone.
- ATrue
- BFalse
43The increase in ____________ has created more one-person households, especially among men under 65.
- AMarriage
- BDivorce
44__________ argues that a growing number of people are opting for 'creative singlehood'- the deliberate choice to live alone.
- AStein (1976)
- BThompson et al (2008)
- CWeston (1992)
45Duncan and Phillips for the British social attitudes survey found that about 1 in 10 adults are 'living apart together' - that is in a significant relationship, but not married or cohabiting.
- ATrue
- BFalse
46Duncan and Phillips found that both _______ and ________ played a part in whether couples live together. For example, some said they could not afford to. However a minority actively chose to live apart, for example because they wanted to keep their own home.
- AChoice and constraint
- Blove and money
- CSociety and government
47Over __ in every 10 children are now born outside of marriage: five times more than in 1971. However, nearly all these births are jointly registered by both parents. In most cases, the parents are cohabiting.
- A4
- B9
- C3
48Women are having children later: between 1971 and 2005, their average age at the birth of their first child rose by more than 3 years to 27.3 years
- ATrue
- BFalse
49Women are having fewer children than in the 20th century, though the number increased slightly in the early 21st century. The average number of children per woman fell from a peak of 2.95 in 1964 to a record low of ___ in 2001, rising somewhat to 1.84 by 2006.
- A1.5
- B1.63
- C2
50More women are remaining childless: it is predicted that a quarter of those born in 1973 will be childless when they reach the age of 45.
- ATrue
- BFalse
51Reasons for the increase in births outside of marriage include;
- AIncrease in religious influence
- BDeclining stigma
- CIncrease in cohabitation
52The later age at which women are having children, smaller family sizes and the fact that more women are remaining childless, all reflect the fact that women now have more options other than motherhood. (Careers etc)
- ATrue
- BFalse
53Lone-parent families now make up _____% of all families. Over ___% of these families are headed by a women. Until the early 1990's, divorced women were the biggest group of lone mothers. From the early 1990's, single (never married) women became the biggest group of lone mothers.
- A10% and 60%
- B24% and 90%
- C30% and 50%
54A child living with a lone parent is half as likely to be in poverty as a child living with 2 parents.
- ATrue
- BFalse
55Lone parent families tend to be female headed for several reasons. These include the widespread belief that women are by nature suited to an expressive or nurturing role (_____________); to mothers and the fact that men may be less willing than women to give up work to care for children.
- AFeminism
- BFunctionalism
- CMarxism
56___________ found that some working class mothers with less earning power chose to live on welfare benefits without a partner, often because they had experienced abuse.
- ACashmore (1985)
- BMurray (1984)
- CRenvoize (1985)
57Which New Right thinker sees the growth of lone-parent families as resulting from an over-generous welfare state providing benefits for unmarried mothers and their children.
- ACashmore (1985)
- BRenvoize (1985)
- CMurray (1984)
58According to Murray (1984) The welfare state creates what in which people assume that the state will support them and their children?
- AA failed economy
- BA dependency culture
- CA benefit society
59Critics of the New Right view argue that welfare benefits are far from generous and lone-parent families are much more likely to be in poverty. Which of these is NOT a reason why lone-parent families are more likely to be in poverty?
- ALack of affordable childcare prevents lone parents from working
- BMost lone-parents are men, who generally earn less than women.
- CFailures of fathers to pay maintenance, especially if they have formed a second family that they have to support.
60Step families account for over ___% of all families with dependent children in the Britain. In ___% of stepfamilies, at least one child is from the woman's previous relationship, whereas in 11% there is at least one child from the mans previous relationship. In __% of stepfamilies there are children from both partners previous relationships
- A9, 70, 19
- B10, 86, 3
61__________ found that stepfamilies are very similar to first families in all major respects, and that the involvement of stepparents in childcare and childrearing is a positive one. However they found that in general stepfamilies are at a greater risk of poverty.
- A Allan and Crow (2001
- BFerri and Smith (1998)
- CMirza (1997)
62____________ argue that step families may face particular problems of divided loyalties and issues such as contact with the non-resident parent can cause tensions.
- AAllan and Crow (2001)
- BReynolds (1997)
- CBallard (1982)
63_____________ concludes that there is diversity among step families and that some have few tensions, while for those that do the tensions are not so different from those 'intact' families.
- ARibbens McCarthy et al (2003)
- BMirza (1997)
- CBallard (1982)
64In 2001 ___ of the British population were White. The main immigrant groups were Indian, Pakistani or Bangladeshi (3.6%), mixed ethnicity (1.2%) Black Carribean (1%) and others.
- A86.1%
- B50.9%
- C92.1%
65Black Caribbean and Black African people have a higher proportion of _______ households. In 2002 just over half of families with dependent children headed by a black person were _____ families. This is compared to 1 in 11 Indian families and just under a 1/4 of the population as a whole.
- ANuclear
- BLone-parent
- CReconstituted
66The high rate of female-headed, lone-parent black families has sometimes been seen as evidence of family disorganisation that is related to high rates of unemployment among black males. _________ argues that the higher rate of lone-parent families among Black people is not the result of disorganisation, but rather reflects the high value that black women place on independence.
- AMirza (1997)
- BBallard (1982)
- CCharles (2005)
67_______ argues that statistics on black lone parent families are misleading. Argues that many apparently 'lone' parents are in fact in stable, supportive but non-cohabiting relationships.
- AReynolds (1997)
- BBallard (1982)
- CChamberlain (1999)
68Bangladeshi, Pakistani and Indian households tend to be bigger than those of other ethnic groups, 4.5, 4.1, and 3.3 persons per household respectively, compared with __ for both Black Caribbean and White British households and 2.4 for the population as a whole.
- A1.8
- B2.3
- C3.1
69____________ found that extended family ties provided an important source of support among Asian migrants during the 1950's and 1960's
- ABallard (1982)
- BCharles (2005)
- CChamberlain (1999)
70________________ found in their study of Swansea that the classic 3 generation family all living under one roof is now all but extinct. The only exceptions were among the city's Bangladeshi community.
- AWillmott (1988)
- BCharles (2005)
- CBallard (1982)
71______________ argues that the extended family has not disappeared and continues to exist as a 'dispersed extended family', where relatives are geographically separated but maintain frequent contact through visits and phone calls.
- AWillmott (1988)
- BCharles (2005)
- CChamberlain (1999)
72There is some variability in what is expected of different relatives. For example ________ and _________ found that more is expected of females than males. However, people do not continue to feel some obligation towards their extended kin - ______ and _______ found that over 90% had given or received financial help and about half had cared for a sick relative.
- ADurkheim and Parson (1990)
- BBowles and Gintis
- CFinch and Mason (1993)
73Evidence suggests that the extended family continues to play an important role for many people in providing both practical and emotional support when called upon. This is very different to Parsons idea of the extended family, whose members lived and worked together. However both include a sense of obligation to extended family members.
- ATrue
- BFalse
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