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Behavior Mod. Final
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1Searching for variables that might be responsible for causing a problem behavior is referred to as a:
- Afunctional assessment
- Bpsychodiagnostic assessment
- Cbehavioral assessment
- Ddescriptive analysis
2Carefully observing the antecedent and immediate consequences of a problem behavior in its natural settings is referred to as a(n):
- Aobservational assessment
- Bbehavioral assessment
- Cpsychodiagnostic assessment
- Dfunctional analysis
3The broadly inclusive assessment approach of including medical and nutritional information along with behavioral assessments is referred to as:
- Apsychodiagnostic assessment
- Bbehavioral diagnostics
- Cfunctional analysis
- Ddescriptive analysis
4Each time that training staff place demands on a nonverbal developmentally disabled child, the child throws a tantrum and the staff “back off.” In this example, the child’s tantruming is likely being maintained by:
- Aescape conditioning
- Binternal sensory reinforcement
- Cexternal sensory reinforcement
- Dbehavioral chaining
5A developmentally disabled child frequently shows a problem behavior even though it has no apparent effect on other individuals or the external environment. This is an indicator that the problem behavior is maintained by:
- Aattention from others
- Bescape from demands
- Cexternal sensory reinforcement
- Dinternal sensory reinforcement
6A developmentally disabled child frequently shows a problem behavior that produces an effect on the external environment, and that appears undiminished even though there are no apparent social consequences. These are indicators that the problem behavior is maintained by:
- Aescape from demands
- Battention from others
- Cinternal sensory positive reinforcement
- Dexternal sensory positive reinforcement
7Experimentally assessing the effects of potentially controlling variables on the problem behavior of an individual is referred to as a(n):
- Aquestionnaire analysis
- Bdescriptive assessment
- Cobservational assessment
- Dfunctional analysis
8A problem behavior consistently occurs in a certain situation or in the presence of certain stimuli, and is never followed by any clearly identifiable consequence. These are indicators that the problem behavior is:
- Aan elicited respondent
- Bmaintained by external sensory positive reinforcement
- Cmaintained by social positive reinforcement
- Dmaintained by escape from demands
9Just before displaying a particular problem behavior, a developmentally disabled child typically looks at a caregiver and smiles. These indicators suggest that the problem behavior is maintained by:
- Aexternal sensory positive reinforcement
- Bescape from demands
- Cattention from others
- Dself-stimulation
10At a restaurant, a child asks his parents for an extra dessert. The parents say no. The child begins to cry, and the parents then buy the child the extra dessert. In this instance, the child’s crying behavior has been influenced by:
- Asocial negative reinforcement
- Bescape from demands
- Cexternal positive reinforcement
- Dinternal sensory positive reinforcement
11A clear statement of what behaviors of what individuals will produce what reinforcers, and who will deliver those reinforcers, is referred to as a:
- Abehavioral contract
- Bpsychology contract
- Ctreatment contract
- Dthree-term contingency statement
12Assume that you are a professional behavior modifier. Under which of the following conditions would you treat a behavior problem that had been referred to you?
- AThe problem was referred primarily for the benefit of the client’s family.
- BOnce the behavioral goal is reached, it would be easily generalized and maintained.
- CThe problem appears to have a medical cause.
- DThe problem is one that would appear to be unmanageable.
13Assume that you are a professional behavior modifier. Under which of the following conditions would you not treat a behavior problem that had been referred to you?
- AThe problem can be specified in terms of specific behaviors.
- BOnce the target behavior has been achieved, it might be generalized and maintained.
- CThe problem appears to be important to the client.
- DThere are individuals who will hinder the program, and who can’t be controlled.
14If a behavior modifier is examining the possibility of capitalizing on antecedent control in the design of a behavior modification program, which of the following would the behavior modifier not consider using?
- Apositive reinforcement
- Bmodelling
- Csituational inducement
- Drules
15A behavior modifier might determine whether or not a client’s behavior might be easily generalized and maintained by assessing:
- Aif the problem behavior has been occurring for a short time and under narrow stimulus control
- Bwhether or not the problem has a medical cause
- Cwhether or not there are reinforcers and/or people in the natural environment to maintain the desired behavior
- Dif the problem can be reduced to a specific set of behaviors that can be counted, timed, or measured
16To ensure that the therapist is responsible or accountable to the client, it is recommended that:
- Athe therapist be supervised by someone with more experience
- Bthe therapist and client sign a treatment contract
- Can impartial third person monitor the program
- Dthe client should explain the program to a friend
17Varying the acceptable responses during training or using behavioral momentum to increase low-probability responses are two strategies for programming:
- Aresponse generalization
- Bstimulus generalization
- Cbehavior maintenance
- Dstimulus discrimination
18After a program has been implemented, there are a number of things that can be done to determine whether it is producing satisfactory results. Which of the following is not one of those steps?
- Aconsult the behavioral journals and experienced behavior modifiers concerning related cases
- Bsign a behavioral contract with the client
- Cmonitor the data
- Dconsult people who must deal with the behavioral handicap
19A behavior modifier might evaluate the ease with which a problem behavior might be changed by determining:
- Aif the problem can be reduced to a specific set of behaviors that can be counted, timed, or measured
- Bif the problem has been referred primarily for the benefit of the client
- Cif the problem behavior has been occurring for a short time, under narrow stimulus control, and with few instances of intermittent reinforcement
- Dwhether or not the problem behavior has a medical cause
20Training in a test situation, varying the training conditions, programming common stimuli, and training sufficient stimulus exemplars are four important aspects of:
- Aprogramming stimulus generalization
- Bprogramming maintenance
- Cprogramming stimulus discrimination
- Dprogramming response generalization
21The fact that they can be given immediately after a desirable behavior occurs and cashed in at a later time for a back-up reinforcer is one of the major advantages to using:
- Aextrinsic reinforcers
- Bintrinsic reinforcers
- Cunconditioned reinforcers
- Dtoken reinforcers
22The Achievement Place group home token economy was initially developed for:
- Apersons with severe mental health problems
- Bchildren with autism
- Cpre-delinquent youth
- Dpersons with intellectual disabilities
23Deciding on the type of token to be used depends mainly on the type of:
- Aclient
- Bsetting
- Cresponse-reinforcer relationship
- Dreinforcement schedule
24In a token economy, taking away tokens following problem behavior is an example of _______ punishment:
- Aresponse-cost
- Breprimand
- Cphysical
- Dtime-out
25Gradually making the schedule of token delivery more and more intermittent or gradually decreasing the number of behaviors that earn tokens are two ways of:
- Atesting for internal validity
- Btesting for social validity
- Cselecting back-up reinforcers for a client being weaned from tokens
- Dweaning a client from tokens when transferring behavior to the natural environment
26Which of the following is not a typical source of help for managing a token economy:
- Apsychologists
- Bpeople assigned to work with the participants
- Cvolunteers
- Dmembers of the token economy itself
27Which of the following is not one of the initial steps in setting up a token economy?
- Aprogramming generality to the natural environment
- Bdeciding on the target behaviors
- Cselecting backup reinforcers
- Dtaking baselines
28Which of the following is not one of the considerations for deciding on the token price of each backup reinforcer in a token economy:
- Athe therapeutic value of the backup reinforcers
- Bsupply and demand for the backup reinforcers
- Cthe size of the backup reinforcers
- Dmonetary cost of the backup reinforcers
29___________ and ____________ are two general methods of weaning clients from tokens when transferring behavior to the natural environment.
- AGradually fading staff participation; gradually eliminating experimenter supervision
- BStimulus withdrawal; programming for generalization
- CStimulus fading; stimulus shaping
- DGradually eliminating tokens; gradually decreasing token value
30Tokens should have the following two characteristics. They should be:
- Aflexible and easy to wash
- Beasy to handle and attractive
- Cdurable and luminous
- Dwarm and soft
31A commitment to change refers to:
- Aa rule that you state that it is important to change your behavior, that you will work toward doing so and that you recognize the benefits of doing so
- Bclear identification of a self-control goal
- Cthe willpower needed to change
- Da high frequency of thoughts about the benefits of changing
32Many people are aware of the health hazards of being overweight, and yet many people have difficulty resisting an extra dessert. That is because:
- Athe consequences for doing so are highly probable
- Bthe consequences for doing so are very delayed
- Cthe consequences of a single such action are too small to be noticed and are only of cumulative significance
- Dthere are no consequences for doing so
33Emitting a controlling behavior to effect a change in a behavior to be controlled is the model of self-management originally proposed by:
- AMager
- BSkinner
- CGoldiamond
- DPremack
34In a behavioral model of self-control, an individual emits controlling behavior that manages antecedents or consequences for a behavior to be controlled. But what controls the controlling behavior?
- Anatural consequences in the society in which we live
- Blots of willpower
- Clots of commitment
- Dour religious beliefs
35Which of the following is not one of the steps proposed by Mager for clarifying a vague “fuzzy” goal?
- AGiven a number of people with the same goal, indicate how you would decide who had met the goal and who hadn’t.
- BWrite out the goal.
- CMake a list of the things that you should say or do that clearly indicate that you’ve met the goal.
- DMake a commitment to change.
36A teenager who wants to go out with friends tells his parents that his homework is finished even though it is not, and the teenager is allowed to go out. This behavioral excess of lying occurs because:
- Athe controlling consequences are highly improbable
- Bthe consequences are only cumulatively significant
- Cof immediate reinforcers versus delayed punishers for the behavioral excess
- Dof immediate small punishers versus delayed larger punishers
37Which of the following is not one of the strategies recommended for managing consequences in a self-control program?
- AProvide reinforcement for showing increased willpower.
- BArrange for reinforcers to be earned for showing improvement.
- CSelf-record and self-graph the target behavior.
- DEliminate certain reinforcers that may strengthen a problem behavior that you would like to decrease.
38Which of the following is not a cause of relapse in self-control programs?
- Aunavoidable setback situations
- Bincorporating everyday rewards into the program
- Ccounterproductive self-talk
- Dtrying too much too soon
39Consider the self-control problem of eating too many sweets. This is likely due to:
- Aimmediate reinforcers vs. delayed punishers for a behavior
- Bimmediate reinforcers (for problem behavior) vs. delayed reinforcers (for alternative behavior)
- Cimmediate small punishers for a behavior vs. reinforcers that are cumulatively significant
- Dimmediate reinforcers vs. cumulatively significant punishers for a behavior
40Many self-control problems are caused by:
- Alack of reinforcement for showing self-control
- Ba lack of willpower
- Ctemptations that are too strong to resist
- Dimmediate reinforcement for the problem behavior vs. delayed reinforcement for alternative self-control behavior
41A clear written statement of what behaviors of which individuals will produce what reinforcers and who will deliver those reinforcers defines:
- Amastery criterion
- Ba behavioral contract
- Cthe Premack Principle
- Da commitment to change
42Many people play racquetball without wearing protective goggles. This is because:
- Athey want to look macho
- Bthe negative consequences are highly improbable
- Cthe negative consequences are very delayed
- Dthe negative consequences are only cumulatively significant
43Causes of relapse in situations include:
- Aoverreaction to occasional setbacks
- Bcounterproductive self-talk
- Cavoidable setback situations
- Dall of the above
44Which of the following is not a major class of antecedent stimuli that control our behavior?
- Areinforcers
- Bother people
- Cmodeling
- Dinstructions
45A behavioral model of self-control involves:
- Acontrolling the controlling behavior
- Breinforcing yourself for having self-control
- Cemitting a controlling behavior to effect a change in a behavior to be controlled
- Demitting a controlled behavior through self-reinforcement
46Which of the following involves teaching clients to counteract irrational negative self- statements with more positive and realistic statements?
- Arational-emotive therapy
- Bbehavior therapy
- Cthought-stopping therapy
- Dproblem-solving therapy
47Drawing a conclusion on the basis of inadequate evidence, such as misinterpreting a frown on the face of a passerby to mean that the passerby is expressing disapproval, is an example of what Beck called:
- Airrational inference
- Bdichotomous thinking
- Carbitrary inference
- Dirrational thinking
48If a child learns that a dime is worth more than a nickel and a quarter is worth more than a dime, then the child will know that a quarter is worth more than a nickel. In relational frame theory, this is referred to as:
- Astimulus equivalence
- Bbi-directionality
- Ctransformation of stimulus functions
- Dcombinatorial entailment
49Acceptance and commitment therapy is based on an approach to the understanding of human language and cognition referred to as:
- Astimulus-equivalence theory
- Brelational frame theory
- Crational emotive theory
- Dcognitive theory
50That individuals interpret and react to events in terms of their perceived significance, and that maladaptive cognitions can cause emotional disorders, are two major assumptions of:
- Abehavior therapy
- Boperant therapy
- Crespondent therapy
- Dcognitive therapy
51Approaches that focus on substituting rational thoughts and appraisal of information for irrational or dysfunctional thinking are referred to as:
- Acontingency shaping
- Bproblem solving
- Ccognitive restructuring
- Dsituational inducement
52Believing, thinking, and perceiving are three things that describe:
- Arespondent thinking
- Boperant thinking
- Cself-control
- Dcognition
53When you arrive at a party, you think to yourself, “I’m glad lots of people are dancing, I hate to just sit around.” This is an example of:
- Aoperant thinking
- Bpositive thinking
- Ccognitive thinking
- Drespondent thinking
54Thinking in absolute terms, such as assuming that one is a failure for getting any grade less than an “A,” is an example of what Beck called:
- Aarbitrary inference
- Brational-emotive thinking
- Cdichotomous thinking
- Dirrational thinking
55The awareness, observation and description of one’s covert and overt behaviors as they occur in a non-judgmental way is referred to as:
- Aacceptance and commitment therapy
- Brational thinking
- Ccognitive restructuring
- Dmindfulness
56When the words “blue sky” are repeatedly paired with actually looking at and seeing a blue sky, the words “blue sky” come to elicit the activity of “seeing” or “imagining” a blue sky. This is an example of:
- Aoperant thinking
- Bcognitive thinking
- Cpositive thinking
- Drespondent thinking
57If you have learned that two nickels equals a dime, then you will know that a dime also equals two nickels. In relational frame theory, this is referred to as:
- Acombinatorial entailment
- Bstimulus equivalence
- Cbi-directionality
- Dtransformation of stimulus functions
58A type of behavior therapy originally developed for treating suicidal individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder is known as:
- Aacceptance and commitment therapy
- Bproblem-solving therapy
- Ccognitive restructuring behavior
- Ddialectical behavior therapy
59_______ procedures are used to teach individuals that they can feel their feelings and think their thoughts even though they may be aversive, and still take constructive action to pursue one’s values and life goals.
- AStress inoculation
- BCognitive therapy
- CMindfulness
- DAcceptance
60Regarding the cognitive restructuring component of Beck’s cognitive therapy, an increasing amount of research suggests that:
- Ait is an important component for treating obsessive-compulsive disorder
- Bit is an important component of Beck’s therapy for treating depression
- Cit is not an effective ingredient of Beck’s therapy for treating depression
- Dit is an important component for treating agoraphobia
61An intense fear of going out in public or leaving one’s home is referred to as:
- Aagoraphobia
- Ba simple phobia
- Cpanic disorder
- Da social phobia
62A persistent fear of heights is referred to as a(n):
- Asocial phobia
- Bspecific phobia
- Cpanic disorder
- Dobsessive compulsive disorder
63A procedure for overcoming a simple phobia that tries to get the client into the presence of the feared stimulus very early during therapy, and to maintain exposure for long periods of time, is referred to as:
- Asystematic desensitization
- Bparticipant modelling
- Cflooding
- Dimplosive therapy
64For what general type of problem is systematic desensitization used?
- Atreating alcoholism
- Bto treat high blood pressure
- Cto overcome phobias
- Dto treat enuresis
65A list of fear-producing situations arranged from those that cause least the fear to those that cause the most fear is called a(n):
- Afear hierarchy
- Bsuds scale
- Cmastery hierarchy
- Danxiety scale
66Agoraphobia is a type of:
- Apersonality disorder
- Banxiety disorder
- Cobsessive-compulsive disorder
- Ddepressive disorder
67A behavioral component of the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia is:
- Aexposure to the feared stimuli
- Bthought-stopping
- Cself-instructional training
- Dreality checking
68A person who constantly worries and feels anxious over things, events and potential events that most people would consider trivial or unimportant would likely be diagnosed as having a(n):
- Asimple phobia
- Bobsessive-compulsive disorder
- Cgeneralized anxiety disorder
- Dpanic disorder
69Which of the following types of treatment work best with obsessive-compulsive disorders?
- Aflooding in imagination of the feared situation in order to elicit the obsessive-compulsive behavior
- Bcognitive restructuring
- Cexposure to the feared situation in order to elicit the obsessive-compulsive behavior
- Dexposure to the feared situation while preventing the compulsive behavior from occurring
70An extraordinary stressful or traumatic event, such as being physically or sexually abused, being in a serious traffic accident, or witnessing a catastrophic event, can cause impaired functioning such that the individual would likely be diagnosed as having a(n):
- Ageneralized anxiety disorder
- Bsimple phobia
- Cdepression
- Dpost-traumatic stress disorder
71Behavioral couple therapy typically involves the following stages:
- Aexperiential/sensory awareness exercises, communication and problem-solving training, and programming for generalization
- Binstigation of positive exchanges, communication and problem-solving training, and programming for generalization
- Ccognitive therapy, anxiety control, and problem-solving training
- Dinsight therapy, communication and problem-solving training, and programming for generalization
72Suppose that a client, just before going to bed each night, feels very anxious about the possibility of someone breaking into the apartment. These thoughts are typically followed by checking the doors and windows several times to ensure that they are locked. This client is suffering from a(n):
- Apersonality disorder
- Banxiety disorder
- Cobsessive-compulsive disorder
- Dsimple phobia
73If an individual exhibits a high frequency of certain behaviors, such as nailbiting, hair twirling, lip biting, etc., and seeks treatment for the problem, then the behavior would be referred to as a(n):
- Aanxiety disorder
- Bhabit disorder
- Csimple phobia
- Dpanic disorder
74Which of the following would be classified as habit disorders?
- Aobesity, nervous habits, muscle tics
- Banxiety, muscle tics, and stuttering
- Cnervous habits, muscle tics, and stuttering
- Dalcohol drinking, muscle tics, and nervous habits
75The habit reversal procedure typically includes:
- Aawareness training, competing response training, and a motivational strategy
- Bawareness training, competing response training, and desensitization
- Ccompeting response training, a motivational strategy, and cognitive restructuring
- Dcognitive restructuring, awareness training, and desensitization
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- Quiz on Behavior Mod. Final, created by Jessica Eisely on 07/05/2015.
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- Jessica Eisely
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