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Ethics de mort
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Questions in this quiz (55)
1Consider the statement A “The price of housing in Brussels amounts to about 6000 euros per square- meter” and the statement B “Housing prices should be regulated in large towns”.
- ABoth statements A and B are judgements of value
- BStatement A is a judgement of value, and statement B is a judgement of fact
- CStatement A is a judgement of fact, and statement B is a judgement of value
- DBoth statements A and B are judgements of fact
2Consider the statement A “It is not fair that nurses are so badly paid” and the statement B “The State should increase the minimum wage”.
- ABoth statements A and B are judgements of value
- BStatement A is a judgement of value, and statement B is a judgement of fact
- CStatement A is a judgement of fact, and statement B is a judgement of value
- DBoth statements A and B are judgements of fact
3The statement “In order to increase fiscal revenues, the State should increase the tax rate on wealth” is:
- AA judgement of fact taking the form of a hypothetical imperative
- BA judgement of fact not taking the form of a hypothetical imperative
- CA judgement of value taking the form of a categorical imperative
- DA judgement of value not taking the form of a categorical imperative
4The statement “it is not fair that 90 % of the price of that dress goes to intermediaries and not to the producer” is:
- AA judgement of fact that expresses objective features of the situation
- BA judgement of fact that can be corroborated by empirical material
- CA judgement of value that expresses an ethical view about the value of the dress
- DA judgement of value that expresses an ethical view about how sales revenues should
be distributed
5The statement “you should treat other persons always as an end and not as a means” is:
- AA judgement of fact taking the form of a hypothetical imperative
- BA judgement of fact not taking the form of a hypothetical imperative
- CA judgement of value taking the form of a categorical imperative
- DA judgement of value not taking the form of a categorical imperative
6A cake is to be divided between Sally and Harry, who have the same preferences (same utility function) and both regard the cake as a desirable good. Under utilitarianism, the optimal allocation of cake involves equal distribution of cake for Sally and Harry:
- ABecause utilitarianism recommends to equalize utility levels across individuals
- BBecause utilitarianism recommends to maximize the sum of individual utilities
- CBecause utilitarianism recommends to maximize the utility level of the worst-off
individual - DBecause utilitarianism always recommends an equal distribution of resources
7Consider the following ranking of alternative situations A, B and C for two persons Albert and Lucie: Albert: A > B > C and Lucie: B > A > C (where > denotes strict preference).
- ASituations A, B and C are Pareto-optimal
- BSituations A and B are Pareto-optimal, but not situation C
- CSituations A, B and C are not Pareto-optimal
- DNone of those answers
8From a utilitarian perspective, a tax on wealth:
- AIs not justified, since it goes against property rights
- BIs justified, because wealth accumulation is related to labor exploitation
- CIs justified or not, depending on its consequences on social welfare
- DIs justified or not, depending on its consequences on the satisfaction of needs of the poor
9Suppose that a resource is to be divided among a population. Dependent elderly persons have, ceteris paribus, a lower marginal utility of consumption than healthy adults. Hence, from a utilitarian perspective,
- AIt is fair that dependent elderly persons consume more resources than healthy adults
- BIt is fair that dependent elderly persons consume the same amount of resources as healthy
adults - CIt is fair that dependent elderly persons consume less resources than healthy adults
- DNone of those answers
10Consider a population composed of N normal individuals, and one single utility monster (i.e. an individual who has an infinitely high marginal utility of money). In a utilitarian society:
- AIt is fair that all the resource goes to the utility monster and the N normal individuals obtain no resource
- BIt is fair that all individuals obtain the same fraction 1/(N+1) of the resource
- CIt is fair that the resource is divided in such a way as to equalize utility levels within the
population - DNone of those answers
11From a libertarian perspective, the taxation of income is regarded as:
- AA tool for the achievement of equality
- BAn equivalent to forced labor
- CA tool favoring social welfare maximization
- DAn equivalent to human alienation
12From a libertarian perspective, existing wage inequalities are:
- ARegarded as unfair provided social welfare is not maximized
- BRegarded as unfair provided these are due to the exploitation of labor
- CRegarded as fair provided they result from voluntary transactions
- DRegarded as fair provided they do not result from unequal labor efforts
13A monopoly charges large prices on the good sold on the market, against the interests of consumers. Such a situation is:
- AUnfair from a utilitarian perspective and unfair from a libertarian perspective
- BUnfair from a utilitarian perspective and fair from a libertarian perspective
- CFair from a utilitarian perspective and unfair from a libertarian perspective
- DFair from a utilitarian perspective and fair from a libertarian perspective
14Tom purchased a car from Sally, while ignoring that Sally had stolen the car from Bob. From a libertarian perspective, the legitimate owner of the car is:
- ATom
- BSally
- CBob
- DWe do not know
15Marcel is extremely poor, and has a toothache that may degenerate into a serious disease if there is no dental treatment. Marcel asks for some money to his friend John. John does not help him, and prefers to keep his money for his collection of palmistry books. From a libertarian perspective,
- AThat situation is unfair, since Marcel’s needs should get priority over John’s collection of palmistry books
- BThat situation is unfair, since a transfer of money from John to Marcel woulddefinitely increase the sum of their utility levels
- CThat situation is unfair, since there is a violation of Marcel’s right to self-ownership
- DThat situation is fair
16A poor unemployed person is:
- AExploited in Marx’s sense and exploited in Roemer’s sense
- BNot exploited in Marx’s sense and exploited in Roemer’s sense
- CNot exploited in Marx’s sense and not exploited in Roemer’s sense
- DExploited in Marx’s sense and not exploited in Roemer’s sense
17According to Marx, it is necessary to nationalize the means of production
- AIn order to improve satisfaction at work and well-being
- BIn order to abolish the alienation of labor
- CIn order to abolish the exploitation of labor
- DIn order to abolish both the alienation and the exploitation of labor
18From a Marxist perspective, the principle of economic democracy (one worker, onevote) is:
- ANecessary and sufficient to achieve a fair society
- BNecessary but not sufficient to achieve a fair society
- CNot necessary, but sufficient to achieve a fair society
- DNeither necessary, nor sufficient to achieve a fair society
19A reduction of working time (with constant total labor earning, i.e. with a rise inhourly wage):
- AAllows to reduce extra labor and exploitation
- BAllows to reduce extra labor but not necessarily exploitation
- CAllows to reduce exploitation but not necessarily extra labor
- DAllows to reduce neither extra labor, nor exploitation
20Max lives in a very poor household with 5 children. To help him, his neighbor, John, proposes Max to work 15 hours a day in his house, for a wage of 1 euro per hour (i.e. 15 euros a day). Max accepts this proposition and works for John. That situation is:
- AUnfair from a libertarian perspective and unfair from a Marxist perspective
- BUnfair from a libertarian perspective and fair from a Marxist perspective
- CFair from a libertarian perspective and unfair from a Marxist perspective
- DFair from a libertarian perspective and fair from a Marxist perspective
21Based on John Rawls’s Theory of Justice,
- AIt is fair to limit the fundamental liberties of rich individuals for the sake of making
the most disadvantaged better off. - BIt is not fair to limit the fundamental liberties of rich individuals for the sake of making the most disadvantaged better off.
- CIt is fair to limit the fundamental liberties of rich individuals for the sake ofreducing welfare inequalities between the rich and the most disadvantaged.
- DNone of the other answers.
- AIt is fair to limit the fundamental liberties of rich individuals for the sake of making
22Based on John Rawls’s Theory of Justice, primary goods include, among other things:
- AFundamental liberties, income, wealth and happiness.
- BHealth, income, wealth and happiness.
- CFundamental liberties, health, income and wealth.
- DHealth, income, wealth and social recognition.
23According to Rawls’s Theory of Justice, income inequalities are:
- ANot fair.
- BFair only if they favor economic growth.
- CFair only if they favor social stability.
- DFair only if they are beneficial to the most disadvantaged person.
24In a pure market economy, individuals have:
- AEqual endowments in natural and social primary goods.
- BEqual endowments in natural primary goods, but unequal endowments insocial
primary goods. - CUnequal endowments in natural primary goods, but equal endowments insocial
primary goods. - DUnequal endowments in natural and social primary goods.
25Under the veil of ignorance, individuals:
- AMake abstraction of their social status and preferences, but do not ignore their skills.
- BMake abstraction of their preferences and skills, but do not ignore their social status.
- CMake abstraction of their social status and skills, but do not ignore theirpreferences.
- DMake abstraction of their social status, their preferences and their skills.
26According to Sen, a functioning is:
- AA being or a doing that an individual can achieve
- BA being or a doing that an individual values
- CA being or a doing that an individual values and can achieve
- DA being or a doing that make an individual happy
27According to Sen, having a large capability set is:
- AEquivalent to having access to a large level of material resources
- BEquivalent to being able to achieve a high level of happiness
- CEquivalent to being able to realize various things in life
- DAll those answers
28Under Sen’s capability approach,
- ACapabilities of all individuals should be equalized
- BCapabilities of the most disadvantaged individuals should be maximized
- CThere should be equal basic capabilities for all individuals
- DNone of those answers
29Being well-nourished is:
- AA fundamental right for Nozick and for Rawls, as well as a functioning for Sen.
- BA fundamental right for Rawls but not for Nozick, as well as a functioning for Sen.
- CA fundamental right for Rawls but not for Nozick, but not a functioning for Sen.
- DA fundamental right neither for Rawls nor for Nozick, but a functioning for Sen.
30Rawls’s approach to justice and Sen’s approach to justice:
- AAre liberal theories of justice
- BAre non-welfarist theories of justice
- CTry to combine ideals of equality and liberty
- DAll those answers
31According to communitarianism, social goods must be distributed in the society:
- AIn such a way as to maximize the sum of individual utilities
- BIn such a way as to satisfy the needs of the most disadvantaged persons
- COn the basis of the shared understanding and valuation of those social goods by members of the society
- DNone of those answers
32The communitarian criticism of Rawls’s original position states that:
- ASince individuals under the veil of ignorance deliberately abstract from their values,
the chosen principles of justice lead to a minimalistic Welfare State - BSince individuals under the veil of ignorance deliberately abstract from their social position, the chosen principles of justice lead to a Welfare State that redistributes incomes too much
- CSince individuals under the veil of ignorance deliberately abstract from their preferences, the chosen principles of justice lead to a Welfare State that is unable to maximize social welfare
- DSince individuals under the veil of ignorance deliberately abstract from their skills, the chosen principles of justice lead to a Welfare State that is unable to induce the right division of labor
- ASince individuals under the veil of ignorance deliberately abstract from their values,
33The following ethical doctrines are teleological:
- AUtilitarianism, Rawls’s Theory of Justice
- BRawls’s Theory of Justice, Communitarianism
- CUtilitarianism, Communitarianism
- DNone of the answers
34According to Walzer (1983), a predominant good is:
- AA good that gives access to all other goods
- BA good that allows to achieve the highest happiness
- CA good that is necessary to achieve one’s conception of the good life,whatever it is
- DA good that cannot be exchanged on the market
35According to Walzer (1983), social justice requires:
- ATo redistribute the predominant good equally in the population
- BTo make the allocation of all goods autonomous
- CTo modify the predominant good
- DTo let individuals exchange all goods on free markets
36According to Radcliffe-Richards, the traditional argument for separate spheres formen and women is logically flawed because:
- AThe premise that men and women are different is false
- BThe conclusion that men and women should occupy different spheres isimprecise
- CA convincing normative premise is missing in the argument
- DNone of those answers
37According to Davis, domestic labor is:
- AA source of alienation that can be abolished by means of a domestic wage
- BA source of alienation that can be abolished by means of abolishing private property
- CA source of alienation that can be abolished by means of nationalizing domestic tasks
- DNone of those answers
38According to Tronto,
- AThe care is restricted to activities of raising children and taking care of the dependent
elderly - BThe care includes all activities through which individuals maintain and reproduce the world in which they live
- CThe care includes all activities through which individuals pursue their desires
- DThe care includes all activities through which individuals express the values to which they adhere
- AThe care is restricted to activities of raising children and taking care of the dependent
39According to Tronto,
- AGood institutions are those that favor the provision of care to all citizens inneed
- BGood institutions are those that allow all individuals to realize theirconception of the good
life - CGood institutions are those that maximize social welfare
- DGood institutions are those that provide basic capabilities to all citizens
40According to Tronto,
- AModern capitalism suffers from the ideology of the self-made man
- BModern capitalism undervalues activities related to care provision
- CModern capitalism is too much oriented towards the satisfaction of desires
- DAll answers
41From a utilitarian perspective, a social health insurance system funded bycompulsory taxation is:
- AUnjustified, because this goes against individual liberties
- BUnjustified, because this may make the exploitation of workers sustainable
- CJustified, because this increases aggregate welfare by redistributingresources towards
the poor (who have more health care needs) - DJustified, because this reduces welfare inequalities between the rich and the poor
42From a libertarian perspective, a public health insurance system is:
- ASocially desirable, because it helps the least advantaged individuals
- BSocially desirable, because this promotes individual capabilities to achieve things in their life
- CSocially undesirable, because this goes against the ideal of a minimal State without coercion
- DSocially undesirable, because this does not lead to social welfare maximization
43Roemer defends a public health insurance system on the grounds that:
- AThis reduces welfare inequalities
- BThis reduces exploitation in terms of needs
- CThis expands individual capabilities
- DThis improves the situation of the most disadvantaged individuals
44According to Rawls, a public health insurance system is justified on thegrounds that this:
- AContributes to increase social welfare
- BContributes to compensate inequalities in natural primary goods
- CContributes to expand individual capabilities
- DContributes to reduce the exploitation of labor
45According to Walzer, the public health insurance system in the United States:
- AShould be reduced, because it goes against individual freedoms
- BShould be reduced, because it goes against the ideal of individualresponsibility
- CShould be expanded, because health care should be distributed on thebasis of needs, and
not on the basis of how rich individuals are - DShould be expanded, because this would increase social welfare
46Under production complementarities among world’s workers (beneficial to allworkers of the host country) and under selection effects (more innovative/skilled workers migrate), a policy contributing to (marginally) openborders to a larger degree is, under utilitarianism:
- AOptimal from the perspective of the host country, but not from the perspective of the home country
- BOptimal from the perspective of the host country, and optimal from the perspective of the home country only if transfers compensate the departure of the most skilled
- COptimal from the perspective of the home country, but not from the perspective of the host country
- DOptimal neither from the perspective of the host country, nor from the perspective of the home country
47In a libertarian society,
- AMigrations are prohibited
- BMigrations are allowed, but migrants do not receive aid from the State
- CMigrations are allowed, but migrants receive aid from the State
- DNone of those answers
48From Marx’s perspective, opening borders would, everything else beingunchanged:
- AReduce the exploitation of labor everywhere
- BReduce exploitation in home countries, and increase it in host countries
- CReduce exploitation in host countries, and increase it in home countries
- DIncrease the exploitation of labor everywhere
49According to Roemer, workers from the Third World suffer from national exploitation because:
- ATheir material situation would be improved if means of production were redistributed equally, everything else being unchanged
- BTheir material situation would be improved if skills were redistributed equally, everything else being unchanged
- CTheir material situation would be improved if birth assets were redistributed equally, everything else being unchanged
- DTheir material situation would be improved if formal liberties wereredistributed equally, everything else being unchanged
50Sandel criticized Becker’s proposal of selling U.S. citizenship against $100,000because:
- AThis proposal goes against the interests of the least advantaged citizen
- BThis proposal goes against social welfare maximization
- CThis proposal goes against individual freedom of movement
- DThis proposal leads to a degradation of what U.S. citizenship is
51According to utilitarianism, positive discrimination at the entrance of the university
- AIs justified on the grounds of providing equal opportunities to all
- BIs justified on the grounds of serving the interests of the most disadvantaged
- CMay be justified or not, depending on its effects on the sum of individual utilities
- DMay be justified or not, depending on the goals of the university
52According to Rawls, positive discrimination at the entrance of the university
- AIs justified on the grounds of redistributing resources towards the most disadvantaged
- BIs justified on the grounds of equalizing opportunities for all
- CIs not justified, on the grounds that individuals with the same skills should have equal chances of access to all social positions
- DIs not justified, on the ground that this goes against the Principle of EqualLiberty
53According to Roemer, positive discrimination at the entrance of the university
- AIs justified provided this leads to reduce welfare inequalities
- BIs justified provided this leads to increase social welfare
- CIs justified provided this reduces the extent of inequalities in the ownership of the means of production
- DIs justified provided this serves the interests of the most disadvantaged individuals
54According to Walzer,
- ABoth basic education and higher education should be allocated on the basis of needs
- BBasic education should be allocated on the basis of needs, whereas higher education should be allocated on the basis of interests and skills
- CBasic education should be allocated on the basis of interests and skills,whereas higher education should be allocated on the basis of needs
- DBoth basic education and higher education should be allocated on the basis ofinterests and skills
55According to Sandel, positive discrimination at the entrance of the university
- AIs justified on the ground of maximizing social welfare
- BIs justified on the ground of improving the situation of the worst-off
- CMay be justified or not, depending on the goals pursued by the university
- DIs not justified
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- Quiz on Ethics de mort, created by Corentin Fonder on 12/06/2021.
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- Corentin Fonder
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- English
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