Quiz
Operating Systems
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Questions in this quiz (200)
1What are the 4 components of a computer system?
- AHardware
- BOperating System
- CKernel
- DApplication Programs
- EROM
- FUser
2An operating system is a resource allocator?
- ATrue
- BFalse
3The bootstrap program is stored in [blank_start]ROM[blank_end]
- AROM
4The occurrence of an event is usually signalled by an [blank_start]interrupt[blank_end] from either hardware or software.
- Ainterrupt
5Main memory is typically implemented in semiconductor technology called variable random memory (VRAM).
- ATrue
- BFalse
6Since EEPROM can not be changed it only stores static programs like bootstrap
- ATrue
- BFalse
7A typical instruction-execution cycle for a Von Neumann Architecture is:
- A1. Fetch an instruction from memory and stores the instructions in the instruction register.
2. Decode the operation and fetch operands from memory
3. Instruction is executed and stored back in memory - B1. Decode the operation and fetch operands from memory
2. Instruction is executed and stored back in memory
3. Fetch an instruction from memory and stores the instructions in the instruction register.
- A1. Fetch an instruction from memory and stores the instructions in the instruction register.
8We would like programs and data to both reside in main memory. This is not possible for two reasons:
- A1. Main memory is usually too small to store all needed programs and data permanently
2. Main memory is a volatile storage device that loses its contents when power is turned off - B1. Main memory is usually too small to store all needed programs and data permanently
2. Main memory is a non-volatile storage device that loses its contents when power is turned off - C1. Using this approach would be to fast for the operating system to interpret and therefore would not be feasible
2. Programs are not written this way and would be way to difficult to change the way a computer works now.
- A1. Main memory is usually too small to store all needed programs and data permanently
9What is the main requirement for secondary-storage?
- AThe ability to hold large quantities of data permanently
- BThe ability to use as little power as possible
- CThe smaller the size the better
- DThe faster the better
10The most common secondary storage is a [blank_start]magnetic disk[blank_end] which provides storage for both programs and data.
- Amagnetic disk
- Bsolid state drive
- Ccloud drive
- Dexternal disk
- ECD-ROM
11The main difference among the various storage systems lie in:
- Aspeed
- Bcost
- Csize
- Dvolatility
- Epower consumption
12Volatile Storage loses its contents when power to the device is removed
- ATrue
- BFalse
13What are the two types of Sold-State disks?
- ASolid-State disk stores data in large DRAM array during normal operation but also contains a hidden magnetic hard disk and a battery for backup-power
- BSolid-State disk is flash memory
- CElectromagnetic Varient Memory
- DMagnetic Allocation memory
14A device controller must contain what?
- Asome local buffer storage and a set of special-purpose registers
- Ba device controller must house a single processor
- Cmust container at least one cache
15How do we solve the problem of interrupt-driven I/O having high overhead when moving bulk data?
- Adirect memory access (DMA)
- Bdevice memory access (DMA)
- Cprocess memory access (PMA)
- Dlocal memory access (LMA)
16What do single-processors not run?
- Akernel processes
- Buser processes
- CI/O processes
17[blank_start]Multiprocessor systems[blank_end] have two or more processors in close communication, sharing the computer bus and sometimes the clock, memory, and peripheral devices.
- AMultiprocessor systems
- BSingleprocessor systems
- CComplexprocessor systems
- DDynamicprocessor systems
18advantages of multiprocessor systems?
- Aincreased throughput
- Beconomy of scale
- Cincreased reliability
- Dpower reduction
- Esize of unit
19[blank_start]Graceful degradation[blank_end] is the ability to continue providing service proportional to the level of surviving hardware.
- AGraceful degradation
- BSteady wear
- CGraceful wear
- DSlow deterioration
20Asymmetric multiprocessing is where each processor performs all tasks within the operating system.
- ATrue
- BFalse
21Symmetric multiprocessing is where each processor is assigned a specific task
- ATrue
- BFalse
22more multiprocessors increases computing power but if the CPU has an [blank_start]integrated memory[blank_end] controller then adding CPUs also increase the amount of memory addressable in the system
- Aintegrated memory
- BI/O
- Ccache memory
- Dprocessor
23multiprocessing can cause a system to change its memory access model from [blank_start]uniform memory access (UMA)[blank_end] to [blank_start]non-uniform memory access (NUMA)[blank_end]
- Auniform memory access (UMA)
- Bnon-uniform memory access (NUMA)
- Cnon-uniform memory access (NUMA)
- Duniform memory access (UMA)
24[blank_start]UMA[blank_end] is the situation in which access to RAM from any CPU takes [blank_start]the same[blank_end] time
- AUMA
- BNUMA
- CNUSM
- DUHM
- Ethe same
- Fmore
- Gless
25[blank_start]NUMA[blank_end] is some parts of memory may take [blank_start]longer[blank_end] to access than other parts
- ANUMA
- BUMA
- CSLT
- DUHG
- Elonger
- Fless time
- Gthe same time
26multicore systems are multiprocessor systems, not all multiprocessor systems are multicore
- ATrue
- BFalse
27[blank_start]blade servers[blank_end] are where each processor board boots independently and runs its own operating system
- Ablade servers
- Bdynamic servers
- Cmultiprocessors
- Dmulti servers
28What is NVRAM?
- ADRAM with battery backup
- BRAM with volatile memory
- CROM with non-volatile memory
- DDRAM with volatile and non-volatile memory
29Another type of multiprocessor system is a clustered system?
- ATrue
- BFalse
30clustered computers are defined as:
- Asharing storage
- Bare closely linked via a local-area network or a faster interconnect
- Cshare resources
- Dshare processing power
31clustering is usually used to provide [blank_start]high-availability service[blank_end]
- Ahigh-availability service
- Bfaster processing
- Chigher security
- Dmultithreading
32why is clustering used?
- Aservice will continue even if one or more systems in the cluster fail
- Bhigher processing used by having more than one processor work on a job
- Ca boss processor will switch in and out jobs so there is no idle processors no matter what
33What are the components of clustered systems?
- Agathers together multiple CPUs
- Bare composed of two or more individual systems - or nodes - joined together
- Cmultiple operating systems run on the same board
- Deach processor runs its own operating system
34clustered systems are composed of two or more individual systems - or nodes - joined together. This is called loosely coupled
- ATrue
- BFalse
35clustering can be structured asymmetrically or symmetrically
- ATrue
- BFalse
36in asymmetric clustering one machine is in [blank_start]hot-standby[blank_end] while the other is running the applications
- Ahot-standby
37what is the hot-standby host function?
- Athe host machine does nothing but monitor the active server
- Bthe host machine allocates jobs to other servers
38what does an asymmetric hot-standby host machine do if the server fails?
- Athe hot-standby host becomes the active server
- Bthe hot-standby host reallocates the jobs to other servers
- Cthe hot-standby host cancels all jobs for that server and notifies all other servers of its failure
39symmetric clustering is when two or more hosts are running applications and are monitoring each other
- ATrue
- BFalse
40symmetric clustering is more efficient?
- ATrue
- BFalse
41why is symmetric clustering more efficient?
- Ais uses all of the available hardware
- Bit talks between each processor more efficiently
42what are the component(s) of cluster parallelization?
- Aparallelization divides a program into separate components that run in parallel on individual computers in the cluster
- Bthese applications are designed so that once each computing node in the cluster has solved its portion of the problem, the results from all the nodes are combined into a final solution
- Cparallelization concurrently divides jobs between nodes
43to provide shared access, the system must also supply access control and locking to ensure that no conflicting operations occur. this is known as [blank_start]distributed lock manager (DLM)[blank_end]
- Adistributed lock manager (DLM)
- Beye lock manager (ELM)
- Cprotected access manager (PAM)
- Ddistributed access manager (DAM)
44improvements to clustering are made possible by [blank_start]storage-area networks (SANs)[blank_end]
- Astorage-area networks (SANs)
- Bdynamic-area networks (DANs)
- Csymmetric-area networks (SANs)
45the advantage(s) of storage-area networks (SANs)
- Aallows many systems to attach to a pool of storage
- Bif the applications and their data are stored on the SAN, then the cluster software can assign the application to run on any host that is attached to the SAN
- Callows concurrent processing through allocation of storage
- Dsymmetric processing is possible through sharing of processing of programs
46beowulf clusters are designed to solve high-performance computing tasks
- ATrue
- BFalse
47beowulf computing nodes typically run Linux operating systems
- ATrue
- BFalse
48why is beowulf clusters a low cost strategy for building a high-performance computing cluster?
- Auses open-source software
- Buses less power
- Cless processors are needed
49beowulf clusters nodes use a set of [blank_start]open-source[blank_end] software libraries to communicate with one another
- Aopen-source
50[blank_start]multiprogramming[blank_end] increases CPU utilization by organizing jobs (code and data) so that the CPU always has one to execute
- Amultiprogramming
51the main idea(s) behind multiprogramming?
- Athe jobs are prioritized so that the most important jobs are done first
- Bthe program uses all available processors to run the program concurrently
- Cas long as at least one job needs to execute the CPU is never idle
52what does time sharing require?
- Aan interactive computer system
- Ba dynamic computer system
- Ca static computer system
- Da clustered computer system
- Ea GUI computer system
53a time-shared operating system allows many users to share the computer simultaneously
- ATrue
- BFalse
54how do we achieve the goal of reasonable time from time-sharing?
- Awe use swapping or virtual memory
- Bmultithreading
- Cconcurrent processing
- Dwe use a method called logical memory
55what is virtual memory?
- Ait abstracts main memory into a large, uniform array of storage separating logical memory as viewed by the user from physical memory
- Bmemory is run in the cloud
- Cmemory is constantly switched out between the main memory and cache to give the allusion of memory space larger than it actually is
56modern systems are [blank_start]interrupt[blank_end] driven
- Ainterrupt
57[blank_start]mode[blank_end] bit is added to the hardware of the computer to indicate the current mode
- kernel (0)
- user (1)- Amode
58what is the function of dual mode?
- Ait provides the operating system the means of protecting it from errant users and errant users from one another
- Bthe operating systems is protected from hackers that are trying to gain remote access
- Cit protects your files from errant users
59[blank_start]virtual machine manager (VMM)[blank_end] has more privileges than the user processes but fewer than the kernel
- Avirtual machine manager (VMM)
- Bdynamic machine manager (DMM)
- Cfile machine manager (FMM)
- Dforce quite manager (FQM)
- Eprocessor machine manager (PMM)
60a timers period may be [blank_start]fixed[blank_end] or [blank_start]variable[blank_end]
- Afixed
- Bvariable
61variable timer is generally implemented by a fixed-rate clock and counter
- ATrue
- BFalse
62why do we use timers?
- Awe can use timers to prevent a user program from running too long
- Bto calculate the time efficiency of a program
- Cto display the time of a files last update
63a program is a [blank_start]passive[blank_end] entity, like the contents of a file stored on disk, whereas a process is an [blank_start]active[blank_end] entity
- Apassive
- Bactive
64a single-threaded process has one [blank_start]program counter[blank_end] specifying the next instruction to execute
- Aprogram counter
65the operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with process management:
- Ascheduling processes and threads on the CPUs
- Bcreating and deleting both user and system processes
- Csuspending and resuming processes
- Dproviding mechanisms for process synchronization
- Eproviding mechanisms for process communication
66for a program to be executed it must be mapped to absolute addresses and loaded into memory
- ATrue
- BFalse
67when selecting the memory-management scheme you must take into account many factors but especially the [blank_start]hardware[blank_end] design of the system
- Ahardware
68the operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with memory management:
- Akeeping track of which parts of memory are currently being used and who is using them
- Bdeciding which processes (or parts of processes) and data to move into and out of memory
- Callocating and deallocating memory space as needed
- Dallocating and deallocating processes to complete jobs
69the operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with the file management:
- Acreating and deleting files
- Bcreating and deleting directories to organize files
- Csupporting primitives for manipulating files and directories
- Dmapping files onto secondary storage
- Ebacking up files on stable (nonvolatile) storage media
- Fcommunicating between the clouds file system and the local file system on your computer
70the operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with the disk management:
- Afree-space management
- Bstorage allocation
- Cdisk scheduling
71the entire speed of operation of a computer may hinge on the speeds of the disk subsystem and the algorithms that manipulate that subsystem
- ATrue
- BFalse
72when we need a particular piece of information, we first check wether it is in the cache
which of the following is true if any of the above statement?- Aif it is, we use the information directly from the cache
- Bif it is not, we use the information from the source, putting a copy in the cache under the assumption that we will need it again soon
- Cif it is not, we use the information directly from the cache
- Dif it is, we use the information from the source, putting a copy in the cache under the assumption that we will need it again soon
73with multiprocessors each has its own local cache so when the value of something changes you must make sure that value is changed computer wide. this is called [blank_start]cache coherency[blank_end]
- Acache coherency
74I/O subsystems consists of several component(s):
- Aa memory-manamgment component that includes buffering, caching, and spooling
- Ba general device-driver interface
- Cdrivers for specific hardware devices
75most operating systems maintain a lot of user names and associated [blank_start]user identifiers[blank_end]
- Auser identifiers
76in a [blank_start]singly linked list[blank_end], each item points to its successor
- Asingly linked list
- Bdoubly linked list
- Ccircularly linked list
77in a [blank_start]doubly linked list[blank_end], a given item can refer either to its predecessor or to its successor
- Adoubly linked list
- Bsingly linked list
- Ccircularly linked list
78in a [blank_start]circularly linked list[blank_end], the last element in the list refers to the first element, rather than to null
- Acircularly linked list
- Bsingly linked list
- Cdoubly linked list
79[blank_start]general[blank_end] tree is when a parent may have an unlimited number of children
- Ageneral
80[blank_start]binary[blank_end] tree is when a parent may have at most two children, which we term left child and the right child
- Abinary
81[blank_start]binary search[blank_end] tree, additionally requires an ordering between the parents two children in which left_child <= right_child
- Abinary search
82[blank_start]balanced binary search[blank_end] tree is when a tree containing n items as at most log(n) levels
- Abalanced binary search
83[blank_start]hash function[blank_end] takes data as input, performs a numeric operation on this data, and returns a numeric value
- Ahash function
84what is it called when two hash function have the same output
- Ahash collision
- Bhash interrupt
- Chash contact
- Dhash dilapidation
85in the event of a hash collision what method do we employ
- Awe use a linked list at the table location that contains all of the items with the same hash value
- Bwe use a array at the table location that contains all of the items with the same hash value
- Cwe use a stack at the table location that contains all of the items with the same hash value
86[blank_start]hash map[blank_end] associates pairs using a hash function
- Ahash map
87[blank_start]bitmap[blank_end] is a string of n binary digits that can be used to represent the status of n items
- Abitmap
88when are bitmaps commonly used?
- Awhen there is a need to represent the availability of a large number of resources
- Bwhen there is a need to represent the large number of processes
- Cwhen there is a need to represent the large number of jobs
89[blank_start]distributed systems[blank_end] is a collection of physically separate, possibly heterogeneous computer systems that are networked to provide users with access to the various resources that the system maintains
- Adistributed systems
90[blank_start]network[blank_end] is a communication path between two or more systems
- Anetwork
91what do distributed systems depend on for their functionality?
- Anetworking
- BGUI
- Cmulticore systems
- Dmultiprogramming
92[blank_start]TCP/IP[blank_end] is the most common network protocol, and it provides the fundamental architecture of the Internet
- ATCP/IP
93[blank_start]local-area network (LAN)[blank_end] connects computers within a room, a building or a campus
- Alocal-area network (LAN)
- Bwide-area network (WAN)
- Cpersonal-area network (PAN)
94[blank_start]wide-area network (WAN)[blank_end] usually links buildings, cities or countries
- Awide-area network (WAN)
- Blocal-area network (LAN)
- Cpersonal-area network (PAN)
95[blank_start]personal-area network (PAN)[blank_end] connects a phone to a headset or a smartphone and a desktop computer
- Apersonal-area network (PAN)
- Bwide-area network (WAN)
- Clocal-area network (LAN)
96[blank_start]network operating system[blank_end] is an operating system that provides features such as file sharing across the network, along with communication scheme that allows different processes on different computers to exchange messages
- Anetwork operating system
97many of todays systems act as [blank_start]server systems[blank_end] to satisfy requests generated by [blank_start]client systems[blank_end]
- Aserver systems
- Bclient systems
98the function of a computer-server system:
- Aprovides an interface to which client can send a request to perform an action. in response the server executes the action and sends the results to the client
- Bprovides a file-system interface where clients can create, update, read, and delete files
99[blank_start]file-server system[blank_end] provides a file-system interface where clients can create, update, read, and delete files
- Afile-server system
100an example of a computer-server system:
- Aserver running a database
- Bserver running a web browser
101an example of a file-server system:
- Aserver running a database
- Bserver running a web browser
102[blank_start]peer-to-peer[blank_end] computing clients and servers are not distinguished from one another
- Apeer-to-peer
103in a [blank_start]client-server[blank_end] system, the server is a bottleneck; but in a [blank_start]peer-to-peer[blank_end] system, services can be provided by several nodes distributed throughout the network
- Aclient-server
- Bpeer-to-peer
104deeming what services are available is accomplished in one of two general ways:
- when a node joins a network, it registers its services with a centralized lookup service on the network, Any node desiring a specific service first contacts this centralized lookup service to determine which node provides the service. the remainder of the communication takes place between the client and the service provider
- An alternative scheme uses no centralized lookup service. Instead, a peer acting as a client must discover what node provides a desired service by broadcasting a request for the service to all other nodes in the network. the node (or nodes) providing that service responds to the peer making the request. To support this approach, a discovery protocol must be provided that allows peers to discover services provided by other peers in the network- ATrue
- BFalse
105[blank_start]emulation[blank_end] is used when the source CPU type is different from the target CPU type
- Aemulation
106process of emulation: every machine-level instruction that runs natively on the source system must be translated to the equivalent function on the target system
- ATrue
- BFalse
107[blank_start]interpretation[blank_end] is a form of emulation in that the high-level language code is translated to native CPU instructions, emulating not another CPU but a theoretical virtual machine on which that language could run natively
- Ainterpretation
108[blank_start]virtualization[blank_end] is an operating system that is natively compiled for a particular CPU architecture runs within another operating system also native to that CPU
- Avirtualization
109cloud computing is a type of computing that delivers computing, storage, and even applications as a service across a network
- ATrue
- BFalse
110which is not a type of cloud computing
- Apublic cloud
- Bprivate cloud
- Chybrid cloud
- Ddynamic cloud
111a [blank_start]public cloud[blank_end] is a cloud available vie the internet to anyone willing to pay for the services
- Apublic cloud
112a [blank_start]private cloud[blank_end] is a cloud run by a company for that company's own use
- Aprivate cloud
113a [blank_start]hybrid cloud[blank_end] is a cloud that includes both public and private cloud components
- Ahybrid cloud
114[blank_start]Software as a service (SaaS)[blank_end] is one or more applications (such as word processors or spreadsheets) available via internet
- ASoftware as a service (SaaS)
- BPlatform as a service (PaaS)
- CInfrastructure as a service (IaaS)
- DProgram as a service (PaaS)
115______________ is a software stack ready for application use via internet
- APlatform as a service (PaaS)
- BSoftware as a service (SaaS)
- CInfrastructure as a service (IaaS)
116Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is one or more applications available via internet
- ATrue
- BFalse
117embedded systems almost always run [blank_start]real-time[blank_end] operating systems
- Areal-time
118when do we use real-time systems?
- Awhen rigid time requirements have been placed on the operation or processor or the flow of data
- Bwhen we need to run a process concurrently in the system
- Cwhen we are running a blade-server system we want to use a real-time system
119The types of user interfaces are:
- command-line interface (CLI)
- batch interface
- graphical user interface (GUI)- ATrue
- BFalse
120for efficiency and protection, users usually can control I/O
- ATrue
- BFalse
121[blank_start]shared memory[blank_end] is when two or more processes read and write to a shared section of memory
- Ashared memory
122[blank_start]message passing[blank_end] is packets of information in predefined formats are moved between processes by the operating system
- Amessage passing
123when several separate processes execute concurrently, it should be possible for one process to interfere with the others or with the operating system itself
- ATrue
- BFalse
124the [blank_start]api[blank_end] specifies a set of functions that are available to an application programmer, including the parameters that are passed to each function and return values the program can expect
- Aapi
125system-call interface serves as the link to system calls made available by the operating system
- ATrue
- BFalse
126what are the method(s) used to pass parameters to the operating system?
- Apass the parameters in registers
- Bparameters are generally stored in a block, or table, in memory, and the address of the block is passed as a parameter in a register
- Cparameters also can be placed, or pushed, onto the stack by the program and popped off the stack by the operating system
127[blank_start]debugger[blank_end] is a system program designed to aid the programmer in finding and correcting errors
- Adebugger
128what are the major categories of system calls?
- Aprocess control
- Bfile management
- Cdevice management
- Dinformation maintenance
- Ecommunications
- Fcloud communication
- Gnetwork calls
129what is part of the message-passing model?
- Acommunicating processes exchange messages with one another to transfer information
- Beach computer in a network has a host name by which it is commonly known
- Ceach process has a process name
- Dmost processes that will be receiving connections are special-purpose daemons
- Ethe form of the data is determined by the processes and is not under the operating system control
- Fthe processes are also responsible for ensuring that they are not writing to the same location simultaneously
130what is part of the shared-memory model?
- Ashared memory requires that two or more processes agree to remove the restriction that one process cannot access another processes memory
- Bthe form of the data is determined by the processes and is not under the operating systems control
- Cthe processes are also responsible for ensuring that they are not writing to the same location simultaneously
- Deach computer in a network has a host name by which it is commonly known
- Emost processes that will be receiving connections are special-purpose daemons
131what are the system utilities categories?
- Afile management
- Bstatus information
- Cfile modification
- Dprogramming-language support
- Eprogramming loading and execution
- Fcommunications
- Gbackground services
- Happlication programs
132operating system requirements are divided into two basic groups: [blank_start]user goals[blank_end] and [blank_start]system goals[blank_end]
- Auser goals
- Bsystem goals
133[blank_start]mechanisms[blank_end] are how to do something and [blank_start]policies[blank_end] are what will be done
- Amechanisms
- Bpolicies
134the advantage to writing in high level languages is that it is faster and lowers storage requirements
- ATrue
- BFalse
135the main advantage to the layered approach when making an O.S. is
- Asimplicity of construction and debugging
- Bdebugging and less time
- Cless time and less cost
136The main function of the microkernel is to provide communication between the client program and various services in the user space. Communication is provided through message passing
- ATrue
- BFalse
137what is one benefit of the microkernel?
- Ait makes extending the operating system easier. it also provides more security and reliability.
- Bthe performance of microkernels overhead is extremely small
138what is the loadable kernel modules?
- Athe kernel has a set of core components, and links to additional services via modules, either at boot time or during run time
- Bremove all nonessential components from the kernel and implement them as system and user level programs
139the best methodology to OS design is using loadable kernel modules
- ATrue
- BFalse
140how is Mac OSX a hybrid system?
- Athe top layer the user interface. below theses layers is the kernel environment which is MACH and BSD UNIX kernel
- Bthe top layer the user interface. below theses layers is the kernel environment which is cocoa api
141a failure in the kernel is called a crash and information about it is saved in a [blank_start]crash dump[blank_end]
- Acrash dump
142the operating can take a [blank_start]core dump[blank_end], a capture of the memory of the process, to be stored for later analysis
- Acore dump
143the operating system produces [blank_start]trace listings[blank_end] of system behaviour to try to find bottle necks
- Atrace listings
144[blank_start]Profiling[blank_end] periodically samples the instruction pointer to determine which code is being executed. It can show stat trends but not individual activity.
- AProfiling
145an OS must be generated for each specific computer site, a process known as [blank_start]system generation (SYSGEN)[blank_end]
- Asystem generation (SYSGEN)
- Boperating system generation (OSYSGEN)
- Ckernel generation (KG)
- Dkernel and user generation (KUG)
146The SYSGEN is on the disk or ISO of the OS and it queries the user on hardware information such as:
- AWhat CPU is used? What options are installed?
- BHow will the boot disk be formatted? How many partitions are there?
- CHow much memory is available?
- DWhat devices are available?
- EWhat operating system options are desired?
147after the OS is generated, it must be loaded into the kernel using a [blank_start]bootstrap loader[blank_end]. This program is placed in ROM.
- Abootstrap loader
148a bootstrap can also run diagnostics on a system to ensure it is properly working before booting
- ATrue
- BFalse
149a [blank_start]batch[blank_end] system executes jobs, whereas a [blank_start]time-shared[blank_end] system has user programs, or tasks
- Abatch
- Btime-shared
150a [blank_start]process[blank_end] is more than the program code, which is sometimes known as the [blank_start]text section[blank_end]. It also includes the current activity, represented by the [blank_start]program counter[blank_end]
- Aprocess
- Btext section
- Cprogram counter
- Dtext section
- Eprocess
- Fprogram counter
- Gprogram counter
- Hprocess
- Itext section
151what does the process stack generally contain?
- Acontains temporary data. as well as a data section
- Bcontains temporary data. as well as a process section
- Ccontains program counter as well as a data section
152what can a process also include? and what is its function?
- Aheap - memory that is dynamically allocated during process run time
- Bhash - memory that is dynamically allocated during process run time
- Chash - memory that is asymmetrically allocated during process run time
- Dheap - memory that is asymmetrically allocated during process run time
153the program itself is not a process. A program is a ___________
- Apassive entity
- Bstatic entity
- Cdynamic entity
- Dactive entity
154a process is a(n) __________________
- Aactive entity
- Bpassive entity
- Cdynamic entity
- Dstatic entity
155a program becomes a process when it is loaded into memory
- ATrue
- BFalse
156select the common ways of executing a program:
- Adouble click an icon representing the executable file
- Bentering the name of the executable file on the command line
- Cusing the program counter
- Dusing a system call to start a program
- Eusing the command startx
157although two processes can be related to the same program, they are not considered two separate execution sequences
- ATrue
- BFalse
158a process itself can be an execution environment for other code
- ATrue
- BFalse
159as a program executes, it changes [blank_start]state[blank_end]. The [blank_start]state[blank_end] of a process is defined in part by the current activity of the process
- Astate
- Bstate
160what are not common states or a process?
- Anew
- Brunning
- Cwaiting
- Dready
- Eterminated
- Fhalted
- Goverhaul
161it is important to know that only [blank_start]one[blank_end] process can be running at a time, while [blank_start]many[blank_end] can be ready or waiting
- Aone
- Bmany
162each process is represented in the operating system by a [blank_start]process control block (PCB)[blank_end] also called the control block.
- Aprocess control block (PCB)
- Bheap control block (HCB)
- Cprocess counter control block (PCCB)
- Daccounting control block (ACB)
163which is not part of the process control block?
- Aprocess state
- Bprogram counter
- Ccpu registers
- Dcpu-scheduling information
- Ememory-manamgent information
- Faccounting information
- GI/O status information
- Hprogram heap
164[blank_start]Process State[blank_end] - the state may be new, running, halted, ect.
- AProcess State
- BProgram counter
- CCPU registers
- DCPU-scheduling information
- EMemory-management information
- FAccounting information
- GI/O status information
165[blank_start]Program counter[blank_end] - the counter indicates the address of the next instruction to be executed for this process
- AProgram counter
- BProcess sate
- CCPU registers
- DCPU-scheduling information
- EMemory-management information
- FAccounting information
- GI/O status information
166[blank_start]CPU registers[blank_end] - the registers vary in number and type, depending on the computer architecture. They include accumulators, index registers, stack pointers, and general purpose registers, as well as condition code information. All this information must be saved when an interrupt occurs.
- ACPU registers
- BProcess registers
- CHeap registers
167______________ - this information includes a process priority, pointers to scheduling queues, and any other scheduling parameters
- ACPU-scheduling
- BProcess-scheduling
168[blank_start]memory[blank_end]-management information - This information may include such items as the value of the base and limit registers and the page tables, or the segment tables, depending on the memory system used by the operating system.
- Amemory
169[blank_start]accounting[blank_end] information - This information includes the amount of CPU and real time used, time limits, account numbers, job process numbers, and so on
- Aaccounting
170I/O [blank_start]status[blank_end] information - This information includes the list of I/O devices allocated to the process, a list of open files, and so on
- Astatus
171a process is a program that performs a single [blank_start]thread[blank_end] of execution. Many systems now have upgraded this to allow a program to run multiple [blank_start]thread[blank_end] of execution.
- Athread
- Bthread
172On a system that supports threads, the [blank_start]PCB[blank_end] is extended to include the information for each thread.
- APCB
- BACB
- CGPD
- DPCCB
173we want to have processes running at all times to maximize CPU utilization
- ATrue
- BFalse
174what is the objective of time sharing?
- Ais to switch the CPU among processes so frequently that users can interact with each program while it is running
- Bis to switch the CPU among processes so that each process gets equal time to compute its job
175to meet the objective of time sharing, the [blank_start]process scheduler[blank_end] selects an available process for the program execution on the CPU
- Aprocess scheduler
176on single cores, only one process can run at a time
- ATrue
- BFalse
177as a process enters a system, it is put into a [blank_start]job queue[blank_end], which consists of all processes in the system
- Ajob queue
- Bprocess stack
- Cjob linked list
- Dprocess linked list
178the processes that are residing in main memory and are ready and waiting to execute are kept on a list called the [blank_start]ready queue[blank_end].
- Aready queue
179a new process is put on the ready queue until it is selected for execution or [blank_start]dispatched[blank_end]
- Adispatched
180Once a process gets the CPU, one of several events may occur:
- AThe process could issue an I/O request and be put on an I/O queue
- BThe process could create a new child process and wait for the child's termination
- CThe process could be forcibly removed from the CPU, as a result of an interrupt and put back in the ready queue
181the operating system must select processes from the queues using an appropriate [blank_start]scheduler[blank_end]
- Ascheduler
182The [blank_start]long-term scheduler[blank_end] or [blank_start]job scheduler[blank_end] selects processes from the batch pool and loads them into memory for execution
- Along-term scheduler
- Bshort-term scheduler
- Cjob scheduler
- DCPU scheduler
183The [blank_start]shot-term scheduler[blank_end] or [blank_start]CPU scheduler[blank_end] selects from among the processes that are ready for execution and allocates the CPU to one of them
- Ashot-term scheduler
- Blong-term scheduler
- CCPU scheduler
- Djob scheduler
184The short term scheduler must select a new process for the CPU frequently
- ATrue
- BFalse
185The long term scheduler controls the degree of multiprogramming (the number of processes in memory)
- ATrue
- BFalse
186when is the degree of multiprogramming stable?
- Athe average number of process creation is equal to the average departure rate of the processes leaving the system
- Bthe average number of process creation is more than the average departure rate of the processes leaving the system
- Cthe average number of process creation is less than the average departure rate of the processes leaving the system
- Dthe average number of process creation is two times more than the average departure rate of the processes leaving the system
187An I/O bound process generates I/O requests infrequently, spending more time doing computations and a CPU bound process is one that spends most of its time doing I/O rather than computations.
- ATrue
- BFalse
188some systems such as time sharing systems may introduce [blank_start]medium[blank_end]-term schedulers. The idea is that sometimes it is advantageous to remove a process from memory to reduce the degree of multiprogramming. Later the process can be reintroduced to memory and start off where they left off, in a process called [blank_start]swapping[blank_end].
- Amedium
- Bswapping
189when an interrupt occurs, the system needs to save the current [blank_start]context[blank_end] of the process running on the CPU so that it can restore that context when processing is done
- Acontext
190Gernerally, we perform a [blank_start]state save[blank_end] of the current state of the CPU, be it in kernel mode or user mode, then use a [blank_start]state restore[blank_end] to resume operation
- Astate save
- Bstate restore
- Cstate copy
- Dstate restore
- Estate save
- Fstate copy
- Gstate resume
191the process of completing a state save and state restore is known as a [blank_start]context switch[blank_end]
- Acontext switch
- Bcontext swap
- Ccontext flip
192the [blank_start]kthread[blank_end] process is a child of init and is responsible for creating additional processes that perform tasks on behalf of the kernel
- Akthread
193the [blank_start]sshd[blank_end] process is a child of init and is responsible for the managing clients that connect to a system using ssh
- Asshd
194the [blank_start]login[blank_end] process is also a child of init and it is used to manage clients that directly log onto the system
- Alogin
195When a process creates a new process. Which are possible for execution:
- Athe parent continues to execute concurrently with the children
- Bthe parent waits until some or all of its children have terminated
196with a new process what could happen with address space?
- Athe children process is duplicate of the parent process (it has the same program and data as the parent)
- Bthe child process has a new program loaded into it
197A parent may terminate the execution of one of its children for a variety of different reasons, such as:
- AThe child has exceeded its usage of some of the resources that it has been allocated
- BThe task assigned to the child is no longer required
- CThe parent is existing, and the operating system does not allow a child to continue if its parent terminates
198[blank_start]Cascading termination[blank_end] is when a parent is terminated, and all of its children are terminated as well
- ACascading termination
- BFamily termination
- CMass termination
199A process that is terminated, but whose parents do not call wait is called a [blank_start]zombie[blank_end] process. All processes transition to this state briefly but are often resolved once wait() is called by the parent
- Azombie
200If a parent terminates before a child, it can not call wait(), so the child process becomes and [blank_start]orphan[blank_end]. Linux and Unix solve this problem by assigning [blank_start]init[blank_end] to be the new parent of a child process whose parent prematurely terminates.
- Aorphan
- Binit
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