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Questions in this quiz (52)
1For the computation of a cloud migration’s total cost of ownership according to Martens et al.(2012), various cost types, each subdivided into cost factors need to be considered. Which of the following terms describe cost types?
Note: three answer alternatives are supposed to be correct.- AStorage inflation
- BNumber of queries
- CService charge for IaaS
- DBacksourcing
- EMaterials
- FVendor lock-in
- GPorting
- HEvaluation & selection
- IHardware disposal
2Which statements about RESTful services
are true?
Note: three answer alternatives are supposed to be correct.- ABuilt on top of SSH
- BREST is an abbreviation for ‘Representational state transfer’
- CPaths identify resources
- DREST is an abbreviation for ‘Resource-enabled secure transport’
- E‘PURGE’ is a method used by RESTful services
- F‘POST’ is a method used by RESTful services
- GBuckets identify resources
3According to the course literature, what answers are
desired features of a cloud?
Note: three answer alternatives are supposed to be correct.- AElasticity
- BOverprovisioning
- CPrepaid
- DCustomization
- ESelf-service
- FEmancipation
4Which laws or regulations were discussed in the context of cloud privacy and the example of the Swedish Social Insurance?
Note: three answer alternatives are supposed to be correct.- AGeneral Data Protection Regulation
- BLagen om offentlig upphandling (’Law on public procurements’)
- CForeign Intelligence Surveillance Act
- DDirective on Copyright in the Digital Single Market
- EClarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data Act
- FExpropriationslagen (‘Law on eminent domain’)
- GUniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Interceptand Obstruct Terrorism
- HOffentlighets- och sekretesslagen (‘Information transparency and secrets law’)
5Which benefits and drawbacks of cloud computing, according to the course literature, apply to
providers ?- ADirect access to I/O devices
- BVendor lock-in decreases
- CMandatory support of REST
- DHyphenation-driven computing
- EEfficient use of hardware/software
- FLower total cost of ownership
- GOff-the-shelf services
- HData becomes subject under section 3 of the Offi cial Secrets Act of 1989
6Order chronological the following steps in the history of cloud computing
- A1. Mainframes for rent
- B2. Cheap microprocessors
- C3. Linux on commodity hardware
- D4. General availability of high speed fibre networks
7The abbreviation ‘RAID’ stands for Redundant Array of Independent Disks. The idea is to combine several (identical) disks in order to gain benefits like redundancy or better performance. Different ways of combining disks got numeric identifiers (‘levels’) assigned. Depending on how disks get combined,
the resulting disk array has different properties.
Which of the following statements fit RAID level 7 best?- AStriping
- BXOR
- CCapacity factor of 1/n
- DCapacity factor of 1
- EBlock-interleaved double distributed parity
- FNo standardized level of this type exists
8The abbreviation ‘RAID’ stands for Redundant Array of Independent Disks
. The idea is to combine several (identical) disks in order to gain benefits like redundancy or better performance. Different ways of combining disks got numeric identifiers (‘levels’) assigned. Depending on how disks get combined, the resulting disk array has different properties.
Which of the following statements fit RAID level 5 best?- ACapacity factor of 1
- BXOR
- CStriping
- DBlock-interleaved double distributed parity
- ECapacity factor of 1/n
- FNo standardized level of this type exists
9Various ways to access storage got discussed. Which statements fit ‘Storage Area Networks (SAN)’?
Note: two answer alternatives are supposed to be correct.- ATypically centrally administrated
- BBallooning
- CEach server has to be visited for maintenance
- DiSCSI
- EExclusive access
- FNot supported/available under Linux
- GWeb-based administration for off-the-shelf solutions
- HLess suitable for certain tasks like databases
10Various ways to access storage got discussed. Which statements fit ‘Network Attached Storage (NAS)’?
Note: two answer alternatives are supposed to be correct.- ANot supported/available under Linux
- BTypically centrally administrated
- CBallooning
- DExclusive access
- ELess suitable for certain tasks like databases
- FiSCSI
- GEach server has to be visited for maintenance
- HWeb-based administration for off-the-shelf solutions
11The closest thing in ZFS to a ‘subvolume’ in Btrfs would be a …
- Apool
- Bdataset
- Csubvolume
- Dsnapshot
12The closest thing in Btrfs to a ‘snapshot’ in ZFS would be a …
- Apool
- Bsubvolume
- Csnapshot
- Ddataset
13The main issue with Btrfs right now is the …
- Amissing support for snapshots
- Bmissing support for checksums
- Cmissing official integration into the Linux kernel
- Dbroken support for RAID 5
14Comparing storage pools vs RAID, what is an advantage of storage pools ?
- ASupport for Fibre Channel without dedicated hardware
- BDevices of different sizes and types can be combined
- CSupport of RAID level 7
- DSupport for iSCSI
15The ‘Storage Performance Council’ provides a number of benchmarks which allow to compare storage systems. Different benchmarks focus on different aspects.
Below, pair benchmarks with statements describing their purpose.- AC = Benchmarking of storage devices, adapters/controllers, software
- BSPC-1 = Random read/write operations
- C…/E = Power consumption
- DSPC-2 = Large, sequential I/O operations
- ESPC-3 = Not a benchmark
16What is the structure of an iSCSI Qualified Name according to RfC 3720?
- Aiqn.six-hex-digits:unique-name
- Biqn.naming-authority:reversed-domain-name:unique-name
- Ciqn.yyyy-mm.naming-authority:unique-name
- Diqn.reversed-domain-name:mac-address
- Eiqn.yyyy-mm.organization-name:mac-address
17Virtualization technologies can be classified into either ‘type-1’ or ‘type-2’. Which statements fit better
type-1?
Note: two answer alternatives are supposed to be correct.- AMay also be called ‘emulated’
- BAll CPU instructions get rewritten in a process called ‘binary translation’
- CVirtual machine monitor has direct access to hardware
- DMay also be called ‘native’
- EMay also be called ‘hosted’
18System virtualization can be classified into either ‘full virtualization’ or ‘para-virtualization’.
Which statement fits full virtualization best?- AVM runs like a normal process on the host
- BGuest is aware of virtualization
- CPure computation performance close to non-virtualized setup
- DAlso known as ‘process virtualization’
- ESpecial device drivers or kernel modifications necessary in guest
- FDifferent ‘user space’ (e.g. libraries, programs) for host and guest systems
- GSame kernel instance for both host and guest systems
19Mapping between address spaces of guest and host in x86 hardware virtualization can be done either via Shadow Page Tables (SPT) or Hardware-Assisted Page Tables (HAPT). Which statements fit better Shadow Page Tables (SPT) ?
Note: four answer alternatives are supposed to be correct.- AVMM maintains page table for every process page table in a guest
- BTLB does not map from gVA to hPA
- CAMD calls it ‘Virtual Page Table’
- DReading from VMM-maintained page table is expected to be faster than writing toit
- EBoth reading and writing to VMM-maintained page table is expensive as two dimensions have to be walked
- FVMM-maintained page table maps from gPA to hPA
- GVMM maintains one page table per guest
- HPage tables in guest no longer map from gVA to gPA
- IVMM-maintained page table maps from gVA to hPA
- JMMU is not aware of virtualization
20Virtualized guests’ access to hardware can be realized in different ways:
1. Guest gets full, exclusive access to an existing device
2. Hypervisor emulates real hardware towards a guest
3. Guest aware of virtualization and knows how to talk to the hypervisor requesting hardware operations
Which statements fit best for the first case?
Hint: three answer alternatives are supposed to be correct.- AShared memory cannot be used to exchange data with hardware device
- BCPU congestions limit bandwidth
- CIn order to control latency, interrupt vectors need to be confi gured
- DMultiplexing (sharing of resources) comes for free
- EConsiderable overhead
- FDifficult due to complex memory access and signaling paths
- GNo device support necessary in VMM
- HBest possible performance expected
- IHypervisor must mimic hardware bugs
- JHardware cannot be shared among other VMs or VMM
21According to Burns and Oppenheimer (2016), which design patterns emerge when using many containers as seen with Kubernetes? Identify those patterns that may emerge inside a single node.
Note: three answer alternatives are supposed to be correct.- AAdapter container
- BWork queue
- CLeadership election
- DScatter/gather
- EAmbassador proxy
- FSidecar container
- GMap/reduce
22When adding hardware support for virtualization
to their CPU, both Intel and AMD introduced similar in-memory data structures to allow hypervisors to configure the relation between VMMand VM, e.g. under which conditions a VM should get interrupted.
Which two names for these data structures did Intel and AMD, respectively, pick?- AGuest Execution Framework
- BShared Memory Structure
- CVirtual Container Block
- DGuest Limitation and Control Block
- EVirtual Machine Control Block
- FVirtual Machine Control Structure
- GVirtual Machine Resource Configuration
23Over commitment in virtual machine resource management
is based on the observation that not all virtual machines make use of all resources they got assigned all the time. Where as CPU time over commitment is usually less of a problem (only performance degradation), memory over commitment is more challenging.
Of the two ‘solutions’ presented in the course, which explanation fi ts best to each?- ABallooning = VMM-controlled driver in guest (de)allocates non-pageable memory
- BMemory sharing = Two identical regions ofmemory in two different VMsrequire only a single representation in physical memory
24On modern Intel and AMD x86 CPUs, does there exist something called a ‘Ring −1’ and if it exists, what is its purpose?
- ANo such thing like a ‘Ring −1’ exists, only Ring 0 to 3 exist
- BRing −1 is allows to use Ballooning in addition to Memory Sharing when over committing main memory
- CModern Linux kernels make use of Ring −1 to establish namespaces to separate containers
- DRing −1 is necessary for memory management via Shadow Page Tables (SPT)
- ERing −1 is used by the hypervisor to allow the guest operating system to use Ring 0
25Which feature essential to Linux containers can be realized with namespaces?
- AContainers can be made persistent
- BImages of filesystems and overlays can be stacked
- CContainers can only see their own processes
- DResource limitations (e.g. max main memory utilization) can be enforced
- EContainers’ permissions can be restricted even if launched as ‘root’
- FContainers can be started and stopped via systemd
26Popek and Goldberg (1974) introduced a set of conditions for a computer system to support virtualization. The conditions are set to be fulfilled if a virtual machine monitor (VMM) provides three specific properties. Match the explanations with the right names of properties.
Note: you will not loose any points for wrong answers in any of the pairing. You will only earn points forcorrect pairings.- AVMM is in complete control of system resources = Resource control property
- BPrograms perform in VM indistinguishable to real hardware execution = Equivalence property
- CVMM should only interfere as little as possible = Efficiency property
27For the computation of a cloud migration’s total cost of ownership
according to Martens et al.(2012), various cost types, each subdivided into cost factors need to be considered. Which oft the following terms describe cost factors?
Note: three answer alternatives are supposed to be correct.- ANumber of queries
- BEvaluation & selection
- CMaterials
- DHardware disposal
- EPorting
- FStorage inflation
- GVendor lock-in
- HBacksourcing
- IService charge for IaaS
28Which statements about ‘RESTful services’ are true?
Note: three answer alternatives are supposed to be correct.- A‘PUT’ is a method used by RESTful services
- B‘QUERY’ is a method used by RESTful services
- CBuild on top of HTTP/HTTPS
- DBuilt on top of iSCSI
- EPaths identify resources
- FREST is an abbreviation for ‘Remote-enabled stateless transmission’
- GIQNs identify resources
29Which keywords may get used to describe ‘cloud’ or ‘cloud computing’?
Note: four answer alternatives are supposed to be correct.- ARapid provisioning
- BVirtualized resources
- CMulti-tenancy
- DFlash cut
- EPreemptive distribution
- FEconomies of scale
- GMulti-level business
30Which statements describe ‘Simple Storage Service’ (S3)?
Note: four answer alternatives are supposed to be correct.- AS3 protocol is de-facto set by Amazon
- BObjects can have arbitrary size (existing limitations not relevant in practice)
- CObjects can be grouped in one or more containers
- DS3 services are suitable to serve images to HTML webpages
- ES3 services are suitable to serve virtual machine images for cloud-based virtualization
- FObjects have a path-based identifi er of arbitrary depth (existing limitations not relevant inpractice)
- GObjects are organized in buckets
- HS3 protocol is de-facto set by Google
31Which benefits and drawbacks of cloud computing, according to the course literature, apply to consumers?
Note: three answer alternatives are supposed to be correct.- AHyphenation-driven computing
- BLoss of control over data
- CDirect access to I/O devices
- DMandatory support of REST
- EData becomes subject under section 3 of the Offi cial Secrets Act of 1989
- FEasy adoption
- GDecreases fragmentation of FC frames
- HCheaper services
32Order the following layers of cloud computing. Highest level, application-oriented
- A1. SaaS
- B2. PaaS
- C3. laaS
33The abbreviation ‘RAID’ stands for Redundant Array of Independent Disks. The idea is to combin eseveral (identical) disks in order to gain benefits like redundancy or better performance. Different ways of combining disks got numeric identifiers (‘levels’) assigned. Depending on how disks get combined, the resulting disk array has different properties.
Which of the following statements fit best RAID level 6 ?- AStriping
- BCapacity factor of 1/n
- CBlock-interleaved double distributed parity
- DXOR
- ECapacity factor of 1
- FNo standardized level of this type exists
34The abbreviation ‘RAID’ stands for Redundant Array of Independent Disks
. The idea is to combine several (identical) disks in order to gain benefits like redundancy or better performance. Different ways of combining disks got numeric identifiers (‘levels’) assigned. Depending on how disks get combined, the resulting disk array has different properties.
Which of the following statements fit best RAID level 1?- AXOR
- BStriping
- CCapacity factor of 1
- DBlock-interleaved double distributed parity
- ECapacity factor of 1/n
- FNo standardized level of this type exists
35Various ways to access storage got discussed. Which statements fi t ‘Storage Area Networks(SAN)’?
Note: two answer alternatives are supposed to be correct.- AOvercommitment
- BNFS, SMB
- CNot supported/available under Windows
- DMost expensive
- EStorage near server
- FSATA, USB, SAS
- GFibre Channel
36Various ways to access storage got discussed. Which statements fi t ‘Directly Attached Storage(DAS)’?
Note: two answer alternatives are supposed to be correct.- AWeb-based administration for off-the-shelf solutions
- BBallooning
- CLess suitable for certain tasks like databases
- DNot supported/available under Linux
- ETypically centrally administrated
- FEach server has to be visited for maintenance
- GExclusive access
37The closest thing in Btrfs to a ‘ZVOL’ in ZFS would be a …
- Asubvolume
- BThere is nothing equivalent in Btrfs
- Cdataset
- Dpool
38The closest thing in Btrfs to a ‘dataset’ in ZFS would be a …
- APool
- Bsubvolume
- Cdataset
- Dsnapshot
39The main issue with ZFS right now is the …
- Abroken support for RAID 5
- Bmissing support for snapshots
- Cmissing support for checksums
- Dmissing official integration into the Linux kernel
40Comparing storage pools vs RAID, what is a disadvantage of storage pools?
- ANot operating system agnostic (each vendor has own software implementation)
- BDisks cannot be addressed using iQNs
(iSCSI Qualifi ed Names) - CLack of Fibre Channel support
- DCannot be used in storage area networks
(SANs)
41Which topologies does Fibre Channel
support and what are their key characteristics?- AFC-HBA = No such topology standardized
- BFC-P2P = Connects only two devices
- CFC-AL = Only one port may transmitdata at a time
- DFC-SW = Approx. 16 million devices can be connected to this topology
42NFS servers can control who may mount a NFS export by which criteria in
/etc/exports (this excludes more advanced configurations, such as using Kerberos)?- AClient-provided public key
- BClient’s IP address (or hostname)
- CClient-provided username and password
- DClient-provided private key
- EClient-provided username only
43Virtualization technologies can be classified into either ‘type-1’ or ‘type-2’. Which statement fits type-2 best?
- AMay also be called ‘hosted’
- BAll CPU instructions get rewritten in a process called ‘binary translation’
- CMay also be called ‘native’
- DMay also be called ‘emulated’
- EVirtual machine monitor has direct access to hardware
44System virtualization can be classified into either ‘full virtualization’ or ‘para-virtualization’.Which statements fit better para-virtualization?
Note: two answer alternatives are supposed to be correct.- AVM runs like a normal process on the host
- BSame kernel instance for both host and guest systems
- CPure computation performance close to non-virtualized setup
- DDifferent ‘user space’ (e.g. libraries, programs) for host and guest systems
- EAlso known as ‘process virtualization’
- FGuest is aware of virtualization
- GSpecial device drivers or kernel modifications necessary in guest
45Mapping between address spaces of guest and host in x86 hardware virtualization can be done either via Shadow Page Tables (SPT) or Hardware-Assisted Page Tables
(HAPT). Which statements fit better Hardware-Assisted Page Tables (HAPT) ?
Note: three answer alternatives are supposed to be correct.- APage tables in guest no longer map from gVA to gPA
- BVMM-maintained page table maps from gVA to hPA
- CVMM maintains one page table per guest
- DMMU is not aware of virtualization
- EReading from VMM-maintained page table is expected to be faster than writing to it
- FVMM maintains page table for every process page table in a guest
- GBoth reading and writing to VMM-maintained page table is expensive as two dimensions have to be walked
- HVMM-maintained page table maps from gPA to hPA
- ITLB does not map from gVA to hPA
- JAMD calls it ‘Virtual Page Table’
46Virtualized guests’ access to hardware can be realized in different ways:
1.Guest gets full, exclusive access to an existing device
2.Hypervisor emulates real hardware towards a guest
3.Guest aware of virtualization and knows how to talk to the hypervisor requesting hardware operations
Which statements fit best for the second case?
Hint: three answer alternatives are supposed to be correct.- AHypervisor must mimic hardware bugs
- BBest possible performance expected
- CGuest needs to be modified, e.g. special ‘drivers’
- DDifficult due to complex memory access and signaling paths
- EHardware cannot be shared among other VMs or VMM
- FConsiderable overhead
- GMultiplexing (sharing of resources) comes for free
47According to Burns and Oppenheimer (2016), which design patterns emerge when using many containers as seen with Kubernetes? Identify those patterns that may emerge across multiple node.
Note: three answer alternatives are supposed to be correct.- AWork queue
- BSidecar container
- CMap/reduce
- DFeedback loops
- ELeadership election
- FIsolation effect
- GAdapter container
- HAmbassador proxy
- IByzantine generals
- JScatter/gather
48When adding hardware support for virtualization
to their CPU, both Intel and AMD introduced similar CPU instructions to switch from host mode to guest mode. Which names for these instructions did Intel and AMD, respectively, pick?
Note: two answer alternatives are supposed to be correct.- AVMEXEC
- BSWITCH
- CVMGUEST
- DSWGUEST
- EVMRUN
- FVMLAUNCH
49The classical x86 architecture starting with the 80286 and until the introduction ofvirtualization hardware support had four different ‘rings’ (privilege levels) which limit, forexample, which CPU instructions a process may execute. On which rings would kernel code and user processes, respectively, typically run if no hardware virtualization would be used? Exclude archaic operating systems like DOS.
- AUser processes = Ring 3
- BKernel code = Ring 0
50What does virtualization in the context as discussed in this course mean?
Hint: two alternatives are supposed to be correct.- AThe virtualized entity can be copied with little overhead
- BThe virtualized entity does not exist as such
- CThe virtualized entity can be scaled up and down
- DThe virtualized entity does exist in reality, too
- EThe virtualized entity behaves like the real entity
51Which feature essential to Linux containers can be realized with capabilities?
- AContainers can be made persistent
- BContainers can only see their own processes
- CContainers’ permissions can be restricted even if launched as ‘root’
- DImages of fi lesystems and overlays can be stacked
- EResource limitations (e.g. max main memory utilization) can be enforced
- FContainers can be started and stopped via systemd
52Popek and Goldberg (1974) introduced a set of conditions for a computer system to support virtualization . The conditions are set to be fulfilled if a virtual machine monitor (VMM) provides three specific properties.
Match the explanations with the right names of properties.
Note: you will not loose any points for wrong answers in any of the pairing. You will only earn points for correct pairings.- AVMM should only interfere as littleas possible = Efficiency property
- BPrograms perform in VM indistinguishable to real hardware execution = Equivalence property
- CVMM is in complete control ofsystem resources = Resource control property
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- Virtualization Quiz on Untitled, created by Lord Duke on 05/01/2023.
- Author
- Lord Duke
- Language
- English
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- History
- Created on 5 Jan 2023 · updated on 6 Jan 2023
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