RAD3004 EOSA

1. 1Which area shows common deactivation across all experiments involving PET?

   1. ADefault mode network
   2. BOrbitofrontal cortex
   3. CDistributed seed network
   4. DFrontal gyri
2. 2What signal changes are to be expected from functionally connected regions?

   1. ASimilar temporal patterns of signal change
   2. BSimilar spatial patterns of signal change
   3. CLarge signal increases
   4. DLarge signal decreases
3. 3Sarah is conducting an independent components analysis. However, she is worried that head movement may be confounding her results. In which scenario would she be able to discern that her worries are correct?

   1. AIf the mean time course of a noisy component is correlated with motion parameters and a relationship is found
   2. BIf the mean BOLD signal change of a component is correlated with the mean time course of a noisy component and a relationship is found
   3. CIf voxels in a component share variations in their time course as evidenced by correlations between them
   4. DIf global and regional noise share patterns in common
4. 4If I am wanting to indicate the shared variability between the seed and noise confounds in fcMRI, what technique should I use?

   1. AA correlation matrix
   2. BASL
   3. CSpatial smoothing
   4. DDWI
5. 5Naomi wants to obtain an image using ASL. She proposes that she will apply an inversion pulse to tag hydrogen atoms in water, repeat the process without a tag to acquire a control image, remove the net magnetisation of the control image from the tagged image, and then apply a high-pass filter to ultimately acquire a depiction of rCBF. What is wrong with this method?

   1. AApplying an inversion pulse is only used to calculate perfusion as opposed to rCBF
   2. BHigh-pass filtering is not needed in ASL
   3. CThis method will take too long, the window of opportunity to acquire tagging-related signal is less than 2 seconds
   4. DNaomi needs to remove the tagged image from the control image, not the other way around
6. 6In what scenario should one use the global level of blood flow as a covariate (in ASL)?

   1. ATo eliminate the possibility of assuming regional change in CBF when there is a global change
   2. BTo identify the sweet spot whereby signals can be measured by BOLD
   3. CTo increase the sensitivity of ASL after you have acquired the tagged and control images
   4. DTo be able to discern the level of geometric distortion and signal loss on a global scale
7. 7In which case would someone use BOLD over ASL?

   1. AIf they want to save money
   2. BIf they don't need high levels of sensitivity
   3. CIf they have a large sample size
   4. DIf they need to obtain an intrinsic value
8. 8Georgia has two objects filled with water. One of them is a sphere, and one is an oval shape. Which of the following words best describes the two shapes that Georgia has?

   1. AThe sphere will show isotropic diffusion and the oval will show anisotropic diffusion
   2. BThe oval will show isotropic diffusion and the sphere will show anisotropic diffusion
   3. CThe sphere will have a diffusion coefficient and the oval will have fractional anisotropy
   4. DThe oval will have a diffusion coefficient and the sphere will have fractional anisotropy
9. 9Laura is conducting an experiment and hoping to use DWI. She plans to measure a group of moving molecules in the brain and aims to apply a phase encoding gradient before applying a refocusing gradient at 180 degrees to the original excitation pulse in hopes of inverting the protons and restoring the signal intensity. However, Laura's friend says that there is an error with this method. What is her error?

   1. ARefocusing gradients do not work on moving molecules
   2. BPhase encoding gradients should be applied after the refocusing gradient
   3. CThe refocusing gradient needs to be applied at 90 degrees, not 180 degrees
   4. DThe signal intensity will degrees and not increase as a result of this method
10. 10DWI can be used to highlight strokes, as recent strokes show decreased diffusion due to arterial occlusion and lack of perfusion. This means that DWI has

    1. ADiagnostic utility
    2. BApparent diffusion coefficients
    3. CCausality coefficients
    4. DStrong magnetic fields

11. 11Which of the following can be used to describe the tensor matrix and ellipsoid?

    1. AFractional anisotropy
    2. BMean diffusivity
    3. CSize of the principal axes
    4. DEddy current
12. 12Merry is correcting a DWI using information about the inhomogeneity of the magnetic field in the region of the image. Which preprocessing step is she most likely completing?

    1. AMotion correction
    2. BGeometric distortion
    3. CDistortion correction
    4. DEddy current correction
13. 13Anna has decided to fill each point on the mean-space skeleton for each of her participants' DWI images with the nearest maximum. Which image processing technique is this?

    1. AFractional anisotropy
    2. BBespoke adjustments
    3. CSweet spot distortion
    4. DSpatial smoothing
14. 14Christine is trying to determine the extent of white matter tracts in the frontal cortex. She has decided to use a probability density function as she has encountered multiple crossing and kissing fibres. What is the issue with this?

    1. AThere is no issue, this is the correct method for probabilistic tractography
    2. BChristine cannot use this method to determine tracts as kissing fibres present too many uncertainties
    3. CChristine needs to connect neighbouring voxels from user-defined voxels to fully understand the extent of white matter tracts in the frontal cortex
    4. DTracts should be traced until termination criteria are met
15. 15Which of the following words can be used to describe brain morphology?

    1. AStatic
    2. BDynamic
    3. CRegioncentric
    4. DProbabilistic
16. 16In voxel-based morphometry, what is the main parameter that can contribute to the estimation of tissue probability?

    1. AImage intensity
    2. BTissue probability maps
    3. CSegmentation algorithms
    4. DBias field correction
17. 17Which fo the following is NOT an advantage of VBM?

    1. AUnbiased
    2. BAutomated
    3. CGood data exploration tool
    4. DRespects cortical topology and anatomy
18. 18What are the two perimeters used to estimate cortical thickness?

    1. AThe outermost margin of the white matter and the outermost margin of the grey matter
    2. BThe innermost margin of the white matter and the innermost margin of the grey matter
    3. CThe innermost margin of the white matter and the outermost margin of the grey matter
    4. DThe outermost margin of the white matter and the innermost margin of the grey matter
19. 19Ellie wants to determine whether a certain brain structure contracts over time as a result of consuming processed foods. She aims to compare those who eat a lot of processed foods to healthy controls over time. Which brain morphology measure should she use?

    1. ASubcortical segmentation
    2. BVoxel-based morphology
    3. CRegion of interest approaches
    4. DJacobian maps
20. 20Which of the following regarding magnetic resonance spectroscopy is true?

    1. AThe shielding effect produces an increase in resonance frequency
    2. BElectrons associated with protons have a shielding effect which influences the local magnetic field to a large degree
    3. CThe unit of frequency for MRS is parts per thousand
    4. DMolecules have unique, reproducible frequency distributions due to unique amounts of electrons
21. 21Sarah is using MRS and wants to measure the health of glial cells in the brain of those exhibiting patterns of harmful alcohol use. Which common spectral component should she use as a frame of reference?

    1. AMyo-inositol
    2. BCholine
    3. CNAA
    4. DGlutamate/glutamin
22. 22What does the temporal resolution of EEG match?

    1. AThe time course of neural processing
    2. BVascular responses in the brain
    3. CAction potentials from the sulci
    4. DThe volume of certain brain structures
23. 23What is an ERP peak with long latency likely to reflect?

    1. ASecond order processing
    2. BPrimary processing of inputs
    3. COngoing EEG
    4. DSpontaneous EEG
24. 24Activity in which area of the brain produces a magnetic field that extends beyond the scalp and is detectable by MEG?

    1. ASucli
    2. BGyrus
    3. COFC
    4. DPons
25. 25Which of the following best described the forward solution of MEG and EEG?

    1. AWhere the known source is used to estimate a unique solution for expected measures at the scalp
    2. BWhere observed values at the scalp could be due to many potential sources
    3. CWhen the signal is due to magnetic fields associated with extracellular dipoles arising from the sulci
    4. DWhere the location of a structure is measured at the TE of the RF pulse, as opposed to after the TE
26. 26What is the typical distance between sources and detectors in NIRS?

    1. A4-6cm
    2. B2-4cm
    3. C2-4mm
    4. D4-6mm
27. 27Which component of fNIRS allows for task-related hemodynamic responses to be measured?

    1. AIts temporal resoution
    2. BIts spatial resoltuon
    3. CThe banana profile produced
    4. DThe beer-lambert law
28. 28What makes TMS distinct from other imaging techniques?

    1. AIt manipulates brain activity
    2. BIt directly measures brain activity
    3. CIt involves multiple coils
    4. DIt has high diagnostic utility
29. 29Sally is conducting an experiment and notices that the motor evoked potentials she is measuring increase more in the pre as opposed to the post-application period, and the size of responses reduces. Which technique is she likely to be using?

    1. ALow frequency rTMS modulation
    2. BHigh frequency rTMS modulation
    3. CLow frequency TMS modulation
    4. DHigh frequency TMS modulation
30. 30Which of the following best describes beta plus decay?

    1. AWhere an extra proton of an atom is replaced with a neutron, an anti-neutrino, and a positron
    2. BWhen positrons and electrons combine and release energy according to e = mc^2
    3. CWhere the detection of two photons at the same time are joined by a straight line
    4. DWhere the ratio of neutrons and protons increases as the atom slowly loses all of its neutrons and they are replaced with protons
31. 31Laurie is using a PET scanner to measure coincidences. However, he discovers that one of his coincidences involved two photos that weren't paired, but rather one photon hit one area and the other hit another area at the same time. This phenomenon is best described as

    1. ACrompton scattering
    2. BAttenuation
    3. CA random coincidence
    4. DA scattered coincidence
32. 32Tracers that remain attached or incorporated for periods that exceed the experimental protocol are referred to as

    1. AInteractive tracers
    2. BNon-interacting tracers
    3. CReversible tracers
    4. DIrreversible tracers
33. 33Which of the following is a risk of PET?

    1. AExposure to ionising radiation
    2. BDangers of interactive effects with metallic substances
    3. CInjection of harmful substances into the brain
    4. DPossibility of shutting down brain networks
34. 34Which of the following is NOT a possible state of neurotransmitter-related tracers

    1. AInside the cells in free states
    2. BInside the cells in bound states
    3. CIn the circulation
    4. DIn the myelin sheath of atoms

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Quiz on RAD3004 EOSA, created by Rachael Martin on 10/11/2020.

Author

Rachael Martin

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