The end product(s) of the photoelectric effect is/are:

one ejected electron and an orbital vacancy

one scattered photon, one ejected electron, and an orbital vacancy

Brems is produced by:

slowing down of an electron by the nucleus

ionization from ejection of outer shell electron

excitation and restabilization of an outer shell electron

Foreshortening is present if:

The image of the object is shorter than the object

The image of the object is larger than the object

the tube and IR are in alignment

Quiz

Foundations Midterm/Final

Erin Knapp 199 questions 5.0 (1 rating)

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Questions in this quiz (199)

1The nuclear force which holds electrons in “orbit” around an atom is called:
1. Agravity
2. Bcharge
3. Cvalence force
4. Dbinding energy
2change from 2 mm Al filtration to 4 mm Al filtration

The curve shifts:
1. Aright
2. Bleft
3. Cremains the same
3Scatter radiation is mostly a result of the Photoelectric interaction.
1. Atrue
2. Bfalse
4change from 2 mm Al filtration to 4 mm Al filtration

The discrete (characteristic) curve shifts:
1. Aright
2. Bleft
3. Cremains the same
5change from high atomic number target material to low atomic number

The amplitude (height) of the emission spectrum curve would:
1. Aincrease
2. Bdecrease
3. Cremain the same
6The Compton interaction is mainly responsible for radiographer dose.
1. ATrue
2. BFalse
7change from 82 kVp to 72 kVp

The amplitude (height) of the emission spectrum curve would:
1. Adecrease
2. Bincrease
3. Cremain the same
8As the atomic number of an element increases, the energy required to remove an inner shell electron _____________________.
1. Aincreases
2. Bdecreases
3. Cis unchanged
9change from high atomic number target material to low atomic number

Which of the following best demonstrates the emission spectrum graph shift?

Red curve = new curve

Black curve = original curve
1. Aa
2. Bb
3. Cc
4. Dd
10The end product(s) of the photoelectric effect is/are:
1. Aone ejected electron and an orbital vacancy
2. Bone ejected electron only
3. Cone scattered photon, one ejected electron, and an orbital vacancy
4. Done scattered photon only
5. Eone orbital vacancy only

11If an incident photon has an energy of 90 keV and undergoes a Compton interaction giving 20 keV to the ejected electron which had a binding energy of 2 keV, determine the energy of the scattered photon.
the energy is [blank_start]68[blank_end] keV
1. A68
12Which of the following is NOT an interaction between x-ray photons and matter?
1. Acompton interaction
2. Bphotoelectric interaction
3. Cbrems interaction
4. Dcoherent interaction
13The greatest amount of scatter is produced from the _____________________ interaction.
1. Acoherent
2. Bcompton
3. Ccharacteristic
4. Dbrems
14Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light.
1. ATrue
2. BFalse
15A high energy x-ray photon has a long wavelength.
1. ATrue
2. BFalse
16An 80-kV photon undergoes a coherent scattering interaction with an orbital electron having a binding energy of 8 kV. What is the energy of the resulting scattered photon?
1. A88 kV
2. B8 kV
3. C72 kV
4. D80 kV
17Filtration is the process of eliminating undesirable ____ by the insertion of absorbing materials into the primary beam.
1. Alow energy x-ray photons
2. Bhigh energy incident electrons
3. Chigh energy x-ray photons
4. Dlow energy incident electrons
18label the parts of the x-ray beam spectrum graph
1. Acharacteristic interactions
2. Bkilovoltage peak
3. Caverage breams kV
4. Dbrems interactions
19change from high atomic number target material to low atomic number

The curve shifts:
1. Aleft
2. Bright
3. Cremains the same
20If the number of protons within an atom’s nucleus is changed, which of the following must absolutely change:
1. Anumber of electrons
2. Belement's name
3. Celectrical charge
4. Dnumber of neutrons
21change from 82 kVp to 72 kVp

The curve shifts:
1. Aleft
2. Bright
3. Cremain the same
22Characteristic radiation forms a discrete emission spectrum.
1. ATrue
2. BFalse
23The partial absorption of the x-ray beam as it passes through the body is best referred as:
1. Aabsorption
2. Bbrems
3. Cheterogeneity
4. Dattenuation
24this interaction is a ____________ interaction
1. Acompton
25change from 82 kVp to 72 kVp

Which of the following best demonstrates the emission spectrum graph shift?

Red curve = new curve

Black curve = original curve
1. Aa
2. Bb
3. Cc
4. Dd
26A low energy brems x-ray results when the incident electron is strongly influenced by the nucleus.
1. ATrue
2. BFalse
27change from high atomic number target material to low atomic number

The discrete (characteristic) curve shifts:
1. Aleft
2. Bright
3. Cremains the same
28change from 2 mm Al filtration to 4 mm Al filtration.

Which of the following best demonstrates the emission spectrum graph shift?

Red curve = new curve

Black curve = original curve
1. Aa
2. Bb
3. Cc
4. Dd
29If an incident x-ray photon ejects a k-shell electron with a binding energy of 37 keV, and the initial energy of the photon was 40 keV, the ejected electron leaves the atom with _____ keV of kinetic energy.
1. A3
2. B40
3. C37
4. D17
30A photon of x-ray has an electrically positive charge.
1. ATrue
2. BFalse
31Attenuation causes a gradual decrease in the number of primary x-rays that exit the patient.
1. ATrue
2. BFalse
32Brems is produced by:
1. Aslowing down of an electron by the nucleus
2. Bionization from ejection of outer shell electron
3. Cexcitation and restabilization of an outer shell electron
4. Dcreation of a photoelectron
33change from 82 kVp to 72 kVp

The discrete (characteristic) curve shifts:
1. Aleft
2. Bright
3. Cremain the same
34In the diagnostic range, the majority of primary x-rays produced are:
1. Abrems
2. Bcompton
3. Cphotoelectric
4. Dcharacteristic
35Radiation that turns 180 degrees in direction after interacting with matter is called:
1. Acoherent
2. Bbackscatter
3. Cbrems
4. Dcharacteristic
36change from 2 mm Al filtration to 4 mm Al filtration

The amplitude (height) of the emission spectrum curve would:
1. Aincrease
2. Bdecrease
3. Cremain the same
37If a projectile electron is traveling at 70 keV and is deviated by the nucleus with a resulting electron energy of 10 keV, determine the energy of emitted radiation = [blank_start]60[blank_end] keV

This is an example of what type of radiation? [blank_start]brems[blank_end] interaction
1. A60
2. Bbrems
38We used an original mAs of 32 and kVp of 80, list two separate techniques (one kVp & mAs then another kVp & mAs) we could use to double our exposure. (0.5 pt for each)

15% rule: [blank_start]92[blank_end] kVp @ [blank_start]32[blank_end] mAs

Doubling mAs: [blank_start]64[blank_end] mAs @ [blank_start]80[blank_end] kVp
1. A92
2. B32
3. C64
4. D80
39label the x-ray tube
1. Astator
2. Brotor
3. Cglass envelope
4. Dfilament
5. Efocusing cup
6. Ftarget
7. Gwindow
8. Hdisk
40Distortion can be a misrepresentation of
1. Ashape only
2. Bsize only
3. Cdetail
4. Dshape and size
41Calculate the magnification factor when the SID is 40 in. and the OID is 5 in. round to 2 decimal places

[blank_start]1.14[blank_end]x
1. A1.14
42The difference between two adjacent shades of gray is:
1. Adistortion
2. Bsubject contrast
3. Cspatial resolution
4. Dquantum mottle
43Spatial resolution is improved when:
1. ASID decreases
2. BOID decreases
3. CSOD decreases
4. DOID increases
44Foreshortening is present if:
1. AThe image of the object is shorter than the object
2. BThe image of the object is larger than the object
3. Cthe tube and IR are in alignment
4. DIR exposure is excessive
45If 80 kVp, 400 mA, and 0.025 sec. produce a satisfactory radiograph, what mAs was used?
[blank_start]10[blank_end] mAs
1. A10
46The [blank_start]___[blank_end] the SID, the [blank_start]___[blank_end] the magnification.
1. Alesser
2. Bgreater
3. Cn/a
4. Dsmaller
5. Ebigger
6. Fn/a
47change from 20 mAs to 40 mAs

Which of the following best demonstrates the emission spectrum graph shift?

Red curve = new curve

Black curve = original curve
1. Aa
2. Bb
3. Cc
4. Dd
48As tube angle increases, shape distortion will _________________.
1. Aincrease
2. Bdecrease
3. Cremain unchanged
49What can negatively impact spatial resolution?
1. Apatient motion
2. Bsmall focal spot
3. Cminimal OID
4. Dsmall detectors
50change from 3 mm Al filtration to 5 mm Al filtration

Which of the following best demonstrates the emission spectrum graph shift?

Red curve = new curve

Black curve = original curve
1. Aa
2. Bb
3. Cc
4. Dd
51Factors affecting spatial resolution include:
1. Afocal spot size
2. Bcontrast scale
3. CkVp
4. DmAs
52A good method for controlling motion when the patient is unable to cooperate is to:
1. Adecrease kVp
2. Bincrease focal spot size
3. Cmaintaining mAs and decreasing exposure time
4. Dmaintaining mAs and decreasing mA
53The effect of mAs upon IR exposure is:
1. Adirectly proportional
2. Binversely proportional
3. Cdependent on kVp
54If a radiograph using 40 mAs (400 mA at 0.10 sec.) produced a radiograph with satisfactory exposure, what new time should be used if mA is changed to 200?

[blank_start]0.2[blank_end] sec
1. A0.2
55Poor spatial resolution is caused by an unacceptable amount of
1. Aumbra
2. Bpenumbra
3. CIR Exposure
4. Dcontrast
56the unsharpness in an image is affected by all of the following except:
1. Afocal spot size
2. BmAs
3. CSOD
4. DOID
57If a projected image measures 3 in. and the magnification factor is 1.1, what is the size of the actual object? (you must label your answer with abbreviation)
[blank_start]2.7 in[blank_end]
1. A2.7 in
58The principal controlling technical factor of remnant beam contrast is
1. AmAs
2. BkVp
3. Cfocal spot size
4. Danode angle
59As kVp increases, remnant beam contrast scale will _________________.
1. Alengthen
2. Bshorten
3. Cremain unchanged
60An increase in x-ray beam filtration
1. Aincreases magnification
2. Bincreases the average photon energy of the beam
3. Cdecreases patient tissue density
4. Dincreases the quantity of photons in the beam
61A radiograph with few shades of gray exhibits
1. Ahigh contrast
2. Bmedium contrast
3. Clow contrast
62Calculate the magnification factor when the SID is 40 in. and the SOD is 25 in.
[blank_start]1.6[blank_end]x
1. A1.6
63As kVp decreases, spatial resolution will _________________.
1. Aincrease
2. Bdecrease
3. Cremain unchanged
64As filtration increases, IR exposure will _________________.
1. Aincrease
2. Bdecrease
3. Cremain unchanged
65If the following three exposures were obtained on the same patient (with no computer processing and/or on film) and everything is unchanged except for mAs, in which image would you expect mAs to have been the largest?
1. AA
2. BB
3. CC
66The principal controlling factor of radiographic image receptor exposure is:
1. AmAs
2. BkVp
3. Cfocal spot size
4. Dtube angulation
67With an SID of 40 inches, and an OID of 10 inches, what is the factor of magnification?
1. A3x
2. B4x
3. C1.33x
4. D0.25x
68If 70 kVp, 100 mA, and 0.25 sec. produce a satisfactory radiograph, what mAs was used?
[blank_start]25[blank_end] mAs
1. A25
69If 10 mAs at 120 kVp is used for a radiograph and the remnant beam's scale of contrast is too long, determine the new technique to be used obtaining the same IR exposure.
new kVp: [blank_start]102[blank_end]
new mAs: [blank_start]20[blank_end]
1. A102
2. B20
70Electronic "snow" on a display monitor or TV monitor image is a form of:
1. Anoise
2. Bscatter
3. Cdistortion
4. DIR exposure
71As mAs increases, remnant beam contrast scale will _________________.
1. Alengthen
2. Bshorten
3. Cremain unchanged
72A change in kVp, as an exposure factor, affects
1. Aaverage beam energy
2. Bbeam intensity/quantity
3. Cthe relative amount of scatter received on the IR
4. Dall of the above
73As kVp increases, the percentage of Compton interactions (relative to the total number of interactions) [blank_start]____[blank_end] and remnant beam contrast scale [blank_start]____[blank_end].
1. Aincrease
2. Bdecrease
3. CN/A
4. Dlengthen
5. Eshorten
6. FN/A
74Size distortion is controlled by:
1. ASID
2. BOID
3. CmAs
4. DkVp
5. Epatient motion
75Calculate the magnification factor when the SID is 72 in. and the SOD is 25 in. round to 2 places.
[blank_start]2.88[blank_end] x
1. A2.88
76As mAs increases, IR exposure will _________________.
1. Aincrease
2. Bdecrease
3. Cremain unchanged
77As mAs increases, shape distortion will _________________.
1. Aincrease
2. Bdecrease
3. Cremain unchanged
78As SID increases, spatial resolution will _________________.
1. Aincrease
2. Bdecrease
3. Cremain unchanged
79As focal spot size increases, spatial resolution will _______________.
1. Aincrease
2. Bdecrease
3. Cremain unchanged
80The brightness of the image on a viewing monitor is the result of
1. Atissue thickness
2. BIR exposure only
3. Cmonitor's brightness settings
4. Dtissue density
81What should you expect to occur with a decrease in kVp?
1. Alower contrast
2. Blonger scale of contrast
3. Cmore fog/scatter seen on IR
4. Dmore photoelectric interactions
82Insufficient mAs is likely to contribute to ___ in the image.
1. Aquantum mottle
2. Bmotion
3. Chigh spatial resolution
4. Dexcessive OID
83Using the 15% rule changes
1. Adistortion
2. BIR exposure
3. Cremnant beam contrast
84A radiograph of the forearm is produced using 4 mAs at 65 kVp. What kVp would be required to double the exposure? round up to whole number
[blank_start]75[blank_end] kVp
1. A75
85As OID increases, size distortion will _________________.
1. Aincrease
2. Bdecrease
3. Cremain unchanged
86If the signal is 16 and the noise is 4 on a hypothetical radiographic image, what is the Signal to Noise ratio?
1. A8
2. B12
3. C4
4. D0.24
87Which of the following is equivalent to low penumbra?
1. Ahigh sharpness/spatial resolution
2. Blow sharpness/spatial resolution
3. Clow distortion
4. Dhigh magnification
88Penumbra decreases as
1. ASID increases
2. BOID decreases
3. Cfocal spot decreases
4. Dall of the above
89If the mA is set at 300 and the total mAs produced is 15 mAs, the exposure time must be:
1. A0.5 sec
2. B0.05 sec
3. C0.2 sec
4. D2 sec
90Size distortion in radiography can be ___ only.
1. Amagnification
2. Bforeshortening
3. Celongation
4. Dminimization
91What factor influences the average energy of photons reaching the IR?
1. AmAs
2. BkVp
3. CmA
4. Dfocal spot size
92If 20 mAs at 100 kVp is used and the IR exposure needs to be doubled without altering the remnant beam contrast scale, determine the new technique that should be used.
new kVp: [blank_start]100[blank_end]
new mAs: [blank_start]40[blank_end]
1. A100
2. B40
93which of the following are causes of scatter radiation
1. Ahigh kVp
2. Blow kVp
3. Clarge part thickness
4. Dpart density
5. Elarge field sizes
6. Fsmall field sizes
7. Glarge mAs
8. Hsmall mAs
94what is the purpose of a grid
1. Ato absorb low energy photons before they reach the IR
2. Bto absorb scatter before it reaches IR
3. Cto reflect scatter away from IR
4. Dto absorb primary radiation before it reaches IR
95match the type of grid with its definition
[blank_start]Stationary[blank_end] grid: attaches to cassette
[blank_start]Reciprocating[blank_end] grid: moves grid back and forth
[blank_start]Oscillating[blank_end] grid: move grid plate in circular motion

The [blank_start]reciprocating[blank_end] and [blank_start]oscillating[blank_end] grids make up the Potter-Bucky Diaphragm aka the [blank_start]bucky[blank_end]
1. AStationary
2. BReciprocating
3. COscillating
4. Dreciprocating
5. Eoscillating
6. Fbucky
96the [blank_start]higher[blank_end] the grid ratio, the more effective the grid is at removing scatter
1. Ahigher
97We used 10 mAs at 78 kV on a KUB. Convert this non-grid technique to a 10:1 grid
[blank_start]50[blank_end] mAs @ [blank_start]78[blank_end] kV
1. A50
2. B78
98Convert 60 mAs at 92 kV using a 8:1 grid to an 5:1 grid.
[blank_start]30[blank_end] mAs @ [blank_start]92[blank_end] kV
1. A30
2. B92
99increased lead content = [blank_start]decreased[blank_end] scatter = contrast scale [blank_start]shortens[blank_end] = image contrast [blank_start]increases[blank_end]
1. Adecreased
2. Bincreased
3. Csame
4. Dshortens
5. Elengthens
6. Fremains the same
7. Gincreases
8. Hdecreases
9. Iremains the same
100grid cut off is due to the absorption of
1. Ascatter radiation
2. Bremnant radiation
3. Cprimary radiation
4. Dsecondary radiation
101label the type of grid
1. Ashort axis
2. Blinear
3. Ccross-hatch
102label the type of grid
1. Aparallel
2. Bfocused
103What is the grid radius based on?
1. ASID
2. BOID
3. CTube angle
4. DObject thickness
104fill out the table and GCF equation, include x in multiplier.
1. ANo grid
2. Bx1
3. C5:1
4. Dx2
5. E6:1
6. Fx3
7. G8:1
8. Hx4
9. I10:1 or 12:1
10. Jx5
11. K16:1
12. Lx6
13. MmAs2
14. NmAs1
15. OGCF2
16. PGCF1
105What causes the moire effect?
1. Athe grid lines are parallel to scan lines of processor
2. Bthe grid lines are perp to scan lines of processor
3. Cmisalignment of the grid and beam
4. Dincorrect SID used
106This image is an example of
1. AMoire effect
2. Bquantum mottle
3. Cmisalignment of x-ray beam
4. Dgrid inversion
107Match the image with its grid error
1. AGrid Radius
2. Bmisalignment/angling of the x-ray beam
3. CInversion of focused grid
108The air gap technique is when OID is [blank_start]increases[blank_end], so scatter on the IR [blank_start]decreases[blank_end]
1. Aincreased
2. Bdecreased
3. Cremains the same
4. Dincreases
5. Edecreases
6. Fremains the same
109When generator power and rectification increase
1. Aquantity of current increases
2. Bquantity of current decreases
3. Cquality of current increases
4. Dquality of current decreases
5. Ecurrent is not affected
110high frequency generators [blank_start]reduce[blank_end] the ripple of the wave form
with each increase in generator power, the exposure rate of the x-ray beam [blank_start]increases[blank_end]
These changes [blank_start]increase[blank_end] the effective mA, which allows for a [blank_start]reduction[blank_end] in technique

High power generators also [blank_start]increase[blank_end] the average kV
Generally, the set mAs could be [blank_start]cut in half[blank_end] when changing from a single phase to a 3 phase/HF
1. Areduce
2. Bincrease
3. Cdon't change
4. Dincreases
5. Edecreases
6. Fremains the same
7. Gincrease
8. Hdecrease
9. Ido not change
10. Jdecrease
11. Kincrease
12. Lno change
13. Mincrease
14. Ndecrease
15. Odo not change
16. Pcut in half
17. Qdoubled
18. Runchanged
111generator power [blank_start]lengthens[blank_end] remnant contrast scale
generator power [blank_start]does not affect[blank_end] spatial resolution
generator power [blank_start]does not affect[blank_end] size distortion
generator power [blank_start]does not affect[blank_end] shape distortion
1. Adoes not affect
2. Bshortens
3. Clengthens
4. Ddoes not affect
5. Eincreases
6. Fdecreases
7. Gdoes not affect
8. Hincreases
9. Idecreases
10. Jdoes not affect
11. Kincreases
12. Ldecreases
112which of the following are considered inherent filtration
1. Aglass envelope
2. Baluminum slabs within the collimator
3. Coil in tube housing
4. Dthe tube window
5. Ethe mirror and plastic windows of the collimator
6. Fthe anode
7. Gwedge filters
113which of the following are considered added filtration
1. Aglass envelope
2. Baluminum slabs within the collimator
3. Coil in tube housing
4. Dthe tube window
5. Ethe mirror and plastic windows of the collimator
6. Fthe anode
7. Gwedge filters
114The minimum total filtration equivalent is [blank_start]2.5[blank_end] mm Al
- [blank_start]1.5[blank_end] mm of inherent filtration
- [blank_start]1[blank_end] mm added filtration
1. A2.5
2. B1.5
3. C1
115What is the unit for directly measuring x-ray beam penetration
1. AHalf-Value Layer
2. BHalf-Vacancy Layer
3. Cmm Al
4. Dmm Hg
5. Emm Pb
116A Potter-Bucky diaphragm does not move
1. ATrue
2. BFalse
117Higher frequency grids have [blank_start]thinner[blank_end] lead strips
1. Athinner
2. Bthicker
3. Cno difference in
118What is the most critical factor in a grid's efficiency?
1. Agrid frequency
2. Bgrid ratio
3. Clead content of grids
4. Dgrid dimension
119Grid radius is the distance between the grid and the [blank_start]convergence line[blank_end].
1. Aconvergence line
120Match the term with its definition
[blank_start]Grid ratio[blank_end] : the proportion of the height to the width of the interspaced between the lead strips
[blank_start]Lead Content of Grid[blank_end] : mass per unit area, as this increases so does the removal of scatter
[blank_start]Grid Radius[blank_end]: the distance between the grid and the convergent line or point aka the correct SID
[blank_start]Grid Frequency[blank_end]: the number of lead strips counted per inch/cm
1. AGrid ratio
2. BLead Content of Grid
3. CGrid Radius
4. DGrid Frequency
121What is the purpose of a compensating filter?
1. Abalance the exposure
2. Bdramatically change the contrast scale
3. Creduce the remnant beam
4. Dprotect tech from scatter radiation
122Which of the follower are the purposes for field size limitation
1. Aminimize radiation exposure to the tech
2. Bminimize radiation exposure to the patient
3. Cchange subject contrast in the remnant beam
4. Dpreserve subject contrast in the remnant beam
5. Epreserve image sharpness
123increased collimation (smaller size) = [blank_start]decreased[blank_end] scatter = [blank_start]shortened[blank_end] contrast scale
increased collimation = [blank_start]decreased[blank_end] IR exposure
1. Aincreased
2. Bdecreased
3. Csame amount of
4. Dlengthened
5. Eshortened
6. Fsame
7. Gdecreased
8. Hincreased
9. Isame
124match the types of field size limitations
1. Aaperture diaphragm
2. Bcone and cylinder collimator
3. Cmodern collimator
125The purpose of PBL is
1. Ato allow techs to not worry about collimation
2. Bensure the field size is never larger than cassette
3. Callow for easy collimation
4. Dautomatically set field size
126label
1. Afirst stage shutters
2. Bcollimator housing
3. Csecond stage long shutters
4. Dsecond stage cross shutters
5. Euseful beam
6. Fimage receptor
7. Goff-focus radiation
8. Hmirror
9. Ifocal spot
10. Janode
127Positive Contrast Agents
-[blank_start]Radiopaque[blank_end] ([blank_start]white[blank_end])
-Based upon [blank_start]Barium or Iodine[blank_end]

Negative Contrast Agents
-[blank_start]Radiolucent[blank_end] ([blank_start]black[blank_end])
-Are all [blank_start]gasses[blank_end]
1. ARadiopaque
2. BRadiolucent
3. Cwhite
4. Dblack
5. EBarium or Iodine
6. FBarium or Calcium
7. GLead or Tungsten
8. HTungsten or Molybdenum
9. ICalcium or Iodine
10. JBarium or Tungsten
11. KRadiopaque
12. LRadiolucent
13. Mwhite
14. Nblack
15. Ogasses
16. Pwater
17. Qtissues
18. Rbones
19. Sbarium
20. Tiodine
128Additive diseases = [blank_start]increased radiopacity of tissue[blank_end] = [blank_start]increased[blank_end] technique
Destructive diseases = [blank_start]increased radiolucency of tissue[blank_end] = [blank_start]decreased[blank_end] technique
1. Aincreased radiopacity of tissue
2. Bincreased radiolucency of tissue
3. Cdecreased radiopacity of tissue
4. Ddecreased radiolucency of tissue
5. Eincreased
6. Fdecreased
7. Gsame
8. Hincreased radiopacity of tissue
9. Iincreased radiolucency of tissue
10. Jdecreased radiopacity of tissue
11. Kdecreased radiolucency of tissue
12. Lincreased
13. Mdecreased
14. Nsame
129which of the following are additive diseases
1. AEmphysema
2. BPleural Effusion
3. CEdema
4. DOsteoporosis
5. EPneumothorax
6. FPneumonia
7. GCardiomegaly
8. HCancer
9. Iincrease fluid, bone or metal content
10. Jincrease gas or fat, decrease normal fluid or bone
130which of the following are destructive diseases
1. AEmphysema
2. BPleural Effusion
3. CEdema
4. DOsteoporosis
5. EPneumothorax
6. FPneumonia
7. GCardiomegaly
8. HCancer
9. Iincrease fluid, bone or metal content
10. Jincrease gas or fat, decrease normal fluid or bone
131For soft tissue techniques, kVp is
1. Aincreased by 20%
2. Bdecreased by 20%
3. Cremains the same as C-spine
132For patients with a fiberglass cast/splint, the technique may be altered by
1. Aan increase in mAs by 50%
2. Ban increase in mAs by 20%
3. Can increase in mAs by 8%
4. Dan increase in kVp by 50%
5. Ean increase in kVp by 20%
6. Fan increase in kVp by 8%
133the longer the SID, the [blank_start]sharper[blank_end] the detail
the longer the SID, the [blank_start]less[blank_end] magnification
the longer the SID, the [blank_start]no effect on[blank_end] shape distortion
1. Asharper
2. Bfuzzier
3. Cno effect on
4. Dmore
5. Eless
6. Fno effect on
7. Gmore
8. Hless
9. Ino effect on
134fill in the formula for the inverse square law
1. AI1
2. BI2
3. C(D2)^2
4. D(d1)^2
135fill in the formula for the exposure maintenance law
1. AmAs1
2. BmAs2
3. C(D1)^2
4. D(D2)^2
136Increased OID = [blank_start]Decreased[blank_end] Scatter = [blank_start]shorter[blank_end] contrast scale
Increased OID = [blank_start]decreased[blank_end] scatter = [blank_start]decreased[blank_end] IR exposure
Increased OID = [blank_start]Decreased[blank_end] sharpness
Increased OID = [blank_start]Increased[blank_end] magnification
Increased OID = [blank_start]No effect on[blank_end] shape distortion
1. Adecreased
2. Bincreased
3. Cno effect on
4. Dshorter
5. Elonger
6. Fno effect on
7. Gdecreased
8. Hincreased
9. Ino effect on
10. Jdecreased
11. Kincreased
12. Lno effect on
13. Mdecreased
14. Nincreased
15. Ono effect on
16. Pdecreased
17. Qincreased
18. Rno effect on
19. Sdecreased
20. Tincreased
21. Uno effect on
137If 40 mAs at 76 kVp is used and the amount of exposure needs to be cut in half, determine the new technique that should be used if you want to use the 15% rule. round to 1 decimal place if necessary

[blank_start]64.6[blank_end] kVp @ [blank_start]40[blank_end] mAs
1. A64.6
2. B40
138If 80mAs at 70kVp is used and the IR exposure needs to be doubled and the remnant beam scale of contrast lengthened, determine the new technique that should be used. round to one decimal if necessary
new kVp: [blank_start]80.5[blank_end]
new mAs: [blank_start]80[blank_end]
1. A80.5
2. B80
139A radiograph of the forearm is produced using 4 mAs at 65 kVp. round to 1 decimal place if necessary
new kVp to double IR exposure: [blank_start]74.8[blank_end]
new kVp to halve IR exposure: [blank_start]55.3[blank_end]
1. A74.8
2. B55.3
140Volume of the irradiated tissue increases as
1. Afield size decreases
2. Bpatient thickness increases
3. CmAs decrease
4. Dall answers are correct
141The half-value layer (HVL) is used to measure
1. AmAs level
2. Bthe penetrability of the xray beam
3. Cthe grid ratio
4. Dthe amount of xrays in the beam
142Photon absorption within the body occurs as the result of
1. Acompton interactions
2. Bscatter radiation
3. Cphotoelectric interaction
4. Dall answers are correct
143The [blank_start]____[blank_end] the photon energy, the [blank_start]____[blank_end] the percentage of interactions that will be Compton interactions.
1. Ahigher
2. Blower
3. Chigher
4. Dlower
5. Eunaffected
144If OID increases, the remnant beam contrast scale [blank_start]_________________[blank_end].
1. Alengthens
2. Bshortens
3. Cis unaffected
145The computer distinguishes the anatomy of interest from background exposure outside collimated field during:
1. Aexposure
2. Bautomated field recognition
3. Cautomated rescaling
4. Dfield uniformity corrections
146How dark or light a digital image appears on a display monitor is known as
1. Acontrast resolution
2. Bbrightness
3. Cspatial resolution
4. Ddensity
147In generic digital imaging terms, the average brightness level of the image is called the:
1. Awindow level
2. Bwindow width
3. Cdensity
4. Dscale of contrast
148In a digital image histogram graph, the vertical height of any data point along the plotted curve (measured against the y axis of the graph), indicates the:
1. Aimage contrast
2. Bpixel value (brightness)
3. Cnumber of pixels possessing the value
4. DS1
149A barium study projection will likely require the computer to locate both Smin and Smax.
1. ATrue
2. BFalse
150On an image histogram, an unusual spike to the left of the main bell-shaped lobe of the curve most likely represents:
1. Aosteoporosis
2. Bbackground exposure
3. Ca large metallic object
4. Dair in the lungs
151Dependent on the manufacturer’s algorithm, a value of interest (VOI) can accentuate a certain tissue thickness or bone.
1. ATrue
2. BFalse
152The larger the number of pixels in an image matrix, the:
1. Ashorter the acquisition time
2. Bgreater the resolution of the image
3. Cgreater the number of gray shades in the image
4. Dall answers are correct
153Which of the following is an example of a Field Uniformity Correction?
1. Acreation of a best fit line for the raw detector data
2. Ba flattening of the histogram curve as needed
3. Capplication of a kernel across the matrix
4. Devening out of brightness to account for irregularities in the hardware of the IT across the image field
154Many imaging systems present the histogram with an averaged gray scale curve overlying the histogram. The steeper the slope:
1. Alighter the image
2. Bthe darker the image
3. Clonger the image gray scale
4. Dhigher the image contrast
155Digital radiography images that are underexposed have a high SNR.
1. ATrue
2. BFalse
156The development of which of the following enabled DR systems to use a flat-shaped receptor plate:
1. Aphotostimulable phosphor plates
2. Bthin-film transistors (TFTs)
3. Cthe photomultiplier tube
4. DCCDs
157In digital imaging processing, what is segmentation?
1. Aa graph plotting signal intensity for each pixel
2. Bidentification of the exposed area of the IR
3. Cthe anatomy on which the exam is performed
4. Da look up table
158Generally speaking, the smaller the pixels, the higher the spatial resolution.
1. ATrue
2. BFalse
159Which of the following terms, all contractions, most accurately describes the individual hardware elements of a DR flat panel receptor that detect radiation in the remnant x-ray beam?
1. Athe dexel
2. Bthe pixel
3. Cthe voxel
4. Dthe rexel
160The selection of a narrow window width will:
1. Adecrease the size of each pixel
2. Bdecrease overall brightness of the image
3. Cincrease contrast in the image
4. Dincrease magnification of the central portion of the image
161Which of the following modalities create images with the highest spatial resolution?
1. Act
2. Bnuclear medicine
3. Cultrasound
4. Ddigital radiography
162Adjustment of the window width of the image will change
1. Athe brightness of the image
2. Bthe level of IR exposure
3. Cthe spatial resolution of the image
4. Dthe scale of contrast of the image
163The smaller the pixels, the lower the spatial resolution.
1. ATrue
2. BFalse
164For digital imaging, each image displayed consists of a discrete number of rows and columns of picture elements called the:
1. Asignal plate
2. Bdisplay table
3. Cmatrix
4. Ddetector array
165In digital radiography, image contrast displayed on the monitor is controlled exclusively by kilovoltage.
1. ATrue
2. BFalse
166The larger the number of pixels in an image matrix, the:
1. Agreater the number of gray shades in the image
2. Bshorter the acquisition time
3. Cgreater the spatial resolution in the image
4. Dall answers are correct
5. Eno answers are correct
167A system with a high S/N ratio displays:
1. Alow noise and high signal
2. Blow signal and high noise
3. Cequal amounts of signal and noise
4. Dno signal and no noise
168Scatter radiation adds exposure to the image receptor.
1. ATrue
2. BFalse
169Which factor influences the average energy of photons reaching the IR?
1. AkVp
2. BmA
3. Ctime
4. Dfocal spot size
170As kVp decreases, spatial resolution will _________________.
1. Aincrease
2. Bdecrease
3. Cremain unchanged
171In the diagnostic range, the majority of primary x-rays produced are:
1. Acharacteristic
2. Bphotoelectric
3. Cbrems
4. Dcompton
172As kVp increases,
1. Ascatter increases
2. Bremnant beam contrast scale lengthens
3. Call answers are correct
4. Dimage receptor exposure increases
173The amount of scatter reaching the image receptor is affected by all of the following EXCEPT:
1. ASID
2. BAmount of Collimation
3. CkVp
4. Dgrid ratio
174The larger the number of pixels in an image matrix, the:
1. Agreater the resolution
2. Bgreater amount of shades of gray in the image
3. Cshorter acquisition time
4. Dall answers are correct
175The higher the DQE, the higher the dose required to get an optimal image.
1. ATrue
2. BFalse
176As the lead content of a grid increases,
1. Aimage receptor exposure increases
2. Bthe contrast decreases
3. CThe ability of the grid to remove scatter increases.
4. DThe ability of the grid to remove scatter decreases
177In production of a radiograph, which of the following is considered the controlling factor of beam penetration and remnant beam scale of contrast?
1. AkVp
2. BmAs
3. Ctime
4. Dfiltration
178The principal controlling factor of radiographic image receptor exposure is:
1. AkVp
2. BmAs
3. Cfocal spot size
4. Dtube angulation
179Image level parameters (window level) control image
1. Abrightness
2. Bcontrast
3. Cdensity
4. Ddarkness
180All of the following are true of pixel pitch except:
1. Ait is measured from center-center of pixels
2. Bit is affected by changes in the matrix size
3. Cit is determined by the size of the dels in flat panel systems
4. Dit is not related to spatial resolution
181Which of the following is NOT a component of a detector element?
1. Acapacitor
2. Bcharged coupled device
3. Csemiconductor layer
4. Dthin film transistor
182A phosphor screen or scintillator
1. Afluoresces when exposed to light
2. Bfluoresces when exposed to xrays
3. Cionizes selenium when exposed to x-rays
4. Dionizes selenium when exposed to light
183The percentage of the surface area of a flat panel detector element devoted to the semiconductor layer is:
1. ADQE
2. BFill factor
3. Cdetector ratio
4. Dcapacitance
184The purpose of the ADC is to convert the _______ signal to a _________ signal.
1. Aanalog; digital
2. Bdigital; analog
3. Canalog; detector
4. Dacquired; detected
5. Edetector; digital
185Digital radiography images that are underexposed can show quantum mottle.
1. ATrue
2. BFalse
186In a DR flat panel image receptor, which electronic devices directly account for the plate’s ability to store a latent image until it is sent into the computer?
1. Acapacitor
2. Btfts
3. Cdata lines
4. Dgate lines
5. Esemiconductor layer
187An x-ray unit with a Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of 0.2 is said to have perfect contrast resolution.
1. ATrue
2. BFalse
188What is the size of each pixel for an image with a 1024x1024 matrix using a 30x30 cm field of view:
1. A30 cm
2. B0.3 mm
3. C3 cm
4. D3 mm
189The ratio of SID to SOD is the primary control for:
1. Amagnification
2. Bshape distortion
3. Cscatter production
4. Dsharpness of recorded detail
190In a DR flat panel image receptor, most of the square area of each del is dedicated to what portion of the detector element:
1. Athe semiconductor layer
2. Bthe gate lines
3. Cthe capacitors
4. Dthe tfts
191The ionization chamber AEC is located behind the IR on the wall Bucky.
1. ATrue
2. BFalse
192As matrix size increases, the image's spatial resolution increases.
1. ATrue
2. BFalse
193Direct conversion digital imaging systems include which of the following?
1. ACCD
2. BPSP
3. Camorphous Se tft
4. Damorphous Si tft
194A CMOS imaging system would have
1. Amicrolens optics
2. Bcharged couple arrays
3. Camorphous selenium
4. Da helium red laser
195Which of the following is NOT one of the three steps to digitization of an analog image?
1. ASampling
2. BQuantization
3. CScanning
4. DInitiation
196The maximum range of pixel values a hardware device can store is:
1. Avoxel depth
2. Bbit depth
3. Cgray scale
4. Dgray level
197A radiograph is made using the following factors:

100 mA 8:1 grid
1.0 Sec 8x10 collimated field size
70 kVp large focal spot
50" SID 3mm Al
2" OID suspended respiration

In each of the following, if only the proposed change is made, how will spatial resolution be affected?
- Use of a 10x12 field size: [blank_start]no change[blank_end]
- Use of no grid: [blank_start]no change[blank_end]
- Use 200 mA: [blank_start]no change[blank_end]
- Use 4" OID: [blank_start]decrease[blank_end]
- Use small focal spot: [blank_start]increase[blank_end]
- Use 4mm Al: [blank_start]no change[blank_end]
-Use 4 seconds: [blank_start]decrease[blank_end]
1. Ano change
2. Bincrease
3. Cdecrease
4. Dno change
5. Eincrease
6. Fdecrease
7. Gno change
8. Hincrease
9. Idecrease
10. Jdecrease
11. Kincrease
12. Lno change
13. Mincrease
14. Ndecrease
15. Ono change
16. Pno change
17. Qincrease
18. Rdecrease
19. Sdecrease
20. Tincrease
21. Uno change
198A radiograph is made using the following factors:

100 mA 8:1 grid
1.0 Sec 8x10 collimated field size
70 kVp large focal spot
50" SID 3mm Al
2" OID suspended respiration

In each of the following, if only the proposed change is made, how will IR exposure be affected?
- Use of a 10x12 field size: [blank_start]increased[blank_end]
- Use of no grid: [blank_start]increased[blank_end]
- Use 200 mA: [blank_start]increased[blank_end]
- Use 2.0 seconds: [blank_start]increased[blank_end]
- Use 4" OID: [blank_start]decreased[blank_end]
- Use 60" SID: [blank_start]decreased[blank_end]- Use 90 kVp: [blank_start]increased[blank_end]
1. Aincreased
2. Bdecreased
3. Cno change
4. Dincreased
5. Edecreased
6. Fno change
7. Gincreased
8. Hdecreased
9. Ino change
10. Jincreased
11. Kdecreased
12. Lno change
13. Mdecreased
14. Nincreased
15. Ono change
16. Pdecreased
17. Qincreased
18. Rno change
19. Sincreased
20. Tdecreased
21. Uno change
199A radiograph is made using the following factors:

500 mA
2.5 sec
130 kVp
36" SID
6" OID
2000x1000 matrix size
Window Width = 800
No grid
5x8 collimated field size
small focal spot
3mm Al
0.1mm pixel size
Window Level = 65

Changes are proposed below. In each of the following, if only the proposed change is made, how will spatial resolution be affected?
- Collimate to 10x10; [blank_start]n/a[blank_end]
- Use a grid; [blank_start]n/a[blank_end]
- Use 72" SID; [blank_start]increase[blank_end]
- Use 1" OID; [blank_start]increase[blank_end]
-Window level = 165; [blank_start]n/a[blank_end]
- Use 3600x3600 matrix size; [blank_start]increase[blank_end]
- Use 0.1cm pixel size; [blank_start]decrease[blank_end]
1. An/a
2. Bincrease
3. Cdecrease
4. Dn/a
5. Eincrease
6. Fdecrease
7. Gincrease
8. Hdecrease
9. In/a
10. Jincrease
11. Kdecrease
12. Ln/a
13. Mn/a
14. Nincrease
15. Odecrease
16. Pincrease
17. Qdecrease
18. Rn/a
19. Sdecrease
20. Tincrease
21. Un/a

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Description: Quiz on Foundations Midterm/Final, created by Erin Knapp on 15/03/2023.
Author: Erin Knapp
Language: English
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Foundations Midterm/Final

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