Pregunta 1
Pregunta
What does the Morula become?
Respuesta
-
A distinct inner and outer cell mass
-
A trilaminar embryo
-
The epiblast and hypoblast
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
The inner cell mass differentiates into which two structures?
Respuesta
-
Epiblast
-
Hypoblast
-
Ectoderm
-
Mesoderm
-
Endoderm
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
The primitive streak indicates that gastrulation is occurring.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
What is gastrulation?
Respuesta
-
The migration of epiblast cells to the primitive streak which then migrates down and displaces the hypoblast, forming a trilaminar embryo consisting, in descending order, of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
-
The folding of the parietal and visceral layers of the lateral plate mesoderm in order to form the precursors to the bone and wall of the gut tube respectively.
-
The formation of the notochord from the notochordal plate in a cranial to caudal sequence.
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
The Ectoderm is destined to become what structures?
Respuesta
-
Tooth enamel
-
Nervous system
-
Epidermis
-
Gastrointestinal tract
-
Respiratory system
-
Muscle
-
Cardiovascular system
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
The Mesoderm is destined to become which structures?
Respuesta
-
Connective tissue
-
Cardiovascular system
-
Muscle
-
Blood cells
-
Respiratory system
-
Nervous system
-
Epidermis
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
The Endoderm is destined to become which structures?
Respuesta
-
Gastrointestinal tract
-
Respiratory system
-
Urinary system
-
Epidermis
-
Connective tissue
-
Cardiovascular system
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
The Notochord is important in signal secretion for nervous system development.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
The primitive node is the "organiser" of the trilaminar embryo, and releases signalling molecules like NODAL, BMP4 and Noggin.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
Neurulation is the formation of the neural tube. The embryonic plate elongates and folding creates a neural groove and neural plate. Somites, ridges either side of the groove form. Continued folding leads to a tube structure forming. The anterior and posterior neuropores then close, forming a neural tube.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
The notochord release BMP that patterns the ventral side of the neural tube.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
BMP is released which patterns the dorsal side of the neural tube.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Spina Bifida is caused by what?
Respuesta
-
Failure of the neural tube to close
-
Failure of neural crest cells to migrate
-
Failure of gastrulation
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
Mutations in SHH can lead to what?
Respuesta
-
Cyclopsia due to lack of bilateral symmetry
-
Inverted organ symmetry due to lack of wafting
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
The mesoderm differentiates into which layers?
Respuesta
-
Somatic
-
Intermediate
-
Lateral plate - Parietal and Visceral layers
-
Occipital
-
Frontal
-
Posterior
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
Folding of the parietal layer of the lateral plate mesoderm produces the precursor to the GI tract.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Somites differentiate into what three 'tomes'?
Respuesta
-
Dermatome
-
Myotome
-
Sclerotome
-
Epitome
-
Gastrotome
-
Echinotome
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
HOX genes are not responsible for coding for particular segments of body structures
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
Pharyngeal arches are located where?
Respuesta
-
Ectodermal side - ridges
-
Endodermal side - ridges
-
Endodermal side - pits
-
Ectodermal side - pits
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
There are 5 pharyngeal arches; 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
Neural crest cell migration is important in forming the ectodermal placodes. The crest cells aid in the formation of sensory ganglia of certain cranial nerves. Which cranial nerves are these and what conditions may result due to migration failure?
Respuesta
-
CN 5, 7, 9 and 10
-
CN 5, 7, 8 and 10
-
CN 1, 3, 10 and 12
-
CN 2, 4, 9 and 11
-
Digeorge syndrome
-
Robin syndrome
-
Anencephaly
-
Down's Syndrome
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
Migrated neural crest cells can form 'cartilages' in the arches such as Meckel's cartilage. What is its function?
Respuesta
-
Precursor template for the mandible
-
Signal secretion for the developing embryo
-
Formation of the sensory ganglia in the arches
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
Which cranial nerve innervates the 1st pharyngeal arch?
Respuesta
-
Trigeminal
-
Facial
-
Glossopharyngeal
-
Vagus
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Which cranial nerve innervates the 2nd pharyngeal arch?
Respuesta
-
Trigeminal
-
Facial
-
Glossopharyngeal
-
Vagus
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
Which cranial nerve innervates the 3rd pharyngeal arch?
Respuesta
-
Trigeminal
-
Facial
-
Glossopharyngeal
-
Vagus
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Which cranial nerve innervates the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches?
Respuesta
-
Trigeminal
-
Facial
-
Glossopharyngeal
-
Vagus
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Which components of the skull are made from the 1st pharyngeal arch?
Respuesta
-
Zygomatic bone
-
Maxilla
-
Mandible
-
Temporal bone
-
Hyoid bone
-
Styloid process
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Which components of the skull are made from the 2nd pharyngeal arch?
Respuesta
-
Hyoid bone
-
Styloid process
-
Stylohyoid ligament
-
Zygomatic bone
-
Cricoid cartilage
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
Which components of the skull are made from the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches?
Respuesta
-
Thyroid cartilage
-
Cricoid cartilage
-
Styloid process
-
Maxilla
-
Temporal bone
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
The medial and lateral nasal prominences join together to make the nose.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
The fusion of the medial nasal prominences forms the secondary palate
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
The maxillary prominences fuse together to form the secondary palate
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
What condition(s) are caused by failure of the nasal, mandibular and maxillary prominences to fuse?
Respuesta
-
Cleft palate
-
Spina Bifida
-
DiGeorge
-
Robin
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