19446182
Descripción
Test por Hannah Miller, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por Hannah Miller
hace más de 4 años
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Pregunta 1
Pregunta
In a neuron, ______ receives inputs from other neurons, _______ integrates information, and ________ transmits the output of processing to other neurons.
Respuesta
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Dendrite; soma; axon
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Soma; dendrite; axon
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axon; soma; dendrite
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dendrite; axon; soma
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
How do neurons differ from other cells?
Respuesta
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,
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.
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processes, stop dividing after birth (ish), designed to receive/transduce signals
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
Protein synthesis occurs in the [blank_start]cytosol (via ribosomes)[blank_end]. Because DNA does not leave the [blank_start]nucleus[blank_end], the intermediary, called [blank_start]mRNA[blank_end] must be formed during the process of transcription.
Respuesta
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cytosol (via ribosomes)
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nucleus
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mRNA
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
Alternative splicing refers to:
Respuesta
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Joining of RNA from two different genes to forma new mRNA
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Splicing out of damaged DNA by DNA repair enzymes
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Use of alternative reading frames when translating an mRNA
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
In 1800, [blank_start]Galvani[blank_end] and [blank_start]Reymond[blank_end] proposed that electrical stimulation of nerves causes muscle movement.
Respuesta
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Galvani
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Reymond
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Camilo Golgi argued for [blank_start]reticular[blank_end] formation of the brain after he used [blank_start]silver chromate (Golgi stain)[blank_end] that stained a small percentage of neurons and stained those neurons in their [blank_start]entirety[blank_end].
Respuesta
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reticular
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silver chromate (Golgi stain)
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entirety
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
[blank_start]Brodmann[blank_end]'s work has laid the foundation for defining 50 distinct regions of neocortex.
Respuesta
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Brodmann
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Charles Bell and Francois Magendie hypothesized that [blank_start]dorsal[blank_end] roots of the spinal cord carry sensory information into the brain, while [blank_start]ventral[blank_end] roots carry information into muscles.
Respuesta
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dorsal
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ventral
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Proteins synthesized on [blank_start]free floating ribosomes[blank_end] are destined for internal structures including [blank_start]nucleus, mitochondria, etc[blank_end].
Respuesta
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free floating ribosomes
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nucleus, mitochondria, etc
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
Proteins synthesized on [blank_start]rough ER[blank_end] are destined to be inserted into the [blank_start]plasma membrane[blank_end] or [blank_start]vesicles[blank_end] to be released later on from neurons.
Respuesta
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rough ER
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plasma membrane
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vesicles
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
The function of [blank_start]mitochondria[blank_end] is to import oxygen and use it in a series of complex biochemical processes called Krebs Cycle and ETC to produce the energy source of the cell.
Respuesta
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mitochondria
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
[blank_start]Golgi bodies[blank_end] and [blank_start]rough ER[blank_end] are the sites where proteins are modified and folded.
Respuesta
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Golgi bodies
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rough ER
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
In order to determine the function of genes that are "neuron-specific," genetic engineering methods can be used to [blank_start]knock in[blank_end] or [blank_start]knock out[blank_end] a given gene.
Ex. 1 [blank_start]Knock in - HR insert[blank_end]
Ex. 2 [blank_start]Knock out - NHEJ delete[blank_end]
Respuesta
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knock in
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knock out
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Knock in - HR insert
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Knock out - NHEJ delete
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
A single nucleotide is composed of a phosphate group, a [blank_start]pentose[blank_end], and a [blank_start]nitrogenous base[blank_end].
Respuesta
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pentose
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nitrogenous base
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
The fluid inside every cell is called [blank_start]cytosol[blank_end].
Respuesta
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cytosol
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
The [blank_start]Nissl[blank_end] stain allows you to label cell bodies and ribosomes.
Respuesta
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Nissl
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Since DNA does not ever leave the nucleus, a special intermediary molecule called [blank_start]ribosomal ribonucleic acid (mRNA)[blank_end] must be formed.
Respuesta
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ribosomal ribonucleic acid (mRNA)
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
According to the [blank_start]reticular theory[blank_end], nerves are like continuous wires that transmit signals from one location to another.
Respuesta
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reticular theory
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
DNA [blank_start]microarrays[blank_end] are useful because they can help determine which genes are expressed uniquely in neurons via relative abundance of mRNA.
Respuesta
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microarrays
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
Current [blank_start]genetic engineering[blank_end] methods include Cre-lox recombination, Zinc-Finger Proteins, or CRISPR CAS9.
Respuesta
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genetic engineering
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
Signal recognition particles may direct the ribosome to [blank_start]rough[blank_end] endoplasmic reticulum.
Respuesta
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rough
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
The first [blank_start]electron[blank_end] microscope images in the [blank_start]1950s[blank_end] that were taken of neurons offered very strong evidence for the neuron doctrine.
Respuesta
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electron
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1950s
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer with [blank_start]hydrophilic[blank_end] parts on the outside and [blank_start]hydrophobic[blank_end] parts on the inside.
Respuesta
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hydrophilic
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hydrophobic
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
[blank_start]Substrate[blank_end] goes freely through the plasma membrane.
Respuesta
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Substrate
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
Salt gradients require [blank_start]a lot[blank_end] of energy to maintain.
Respuesta
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a lot
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
The ribosome is comprised of a small and large subunit; the free floating [blank_start]small[blank_end] finds the mRNA first and recruits the [blank_start]large[blank_end].
Respuesta
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small
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large
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Walk through transcription and translation from DNA to secreted, cytosol bound, or membrane protein[blank_start]s.[blank_end]
Respuesta
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s.
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Two types of Neurites that extend from neurons.
[blank_start]Dendrites[blank_end]: [blank_start]shorter[blank_end], [blank_start]unmyelinated[blank_end], [blank_start]have ribosomes for protein synthesis[blank_end], [blank_start]spines[blank_end].
[blank_start]Axons[blank_end]: [blank_start]Myelination[blank_end], [blank_start]longer[blank_end], [blank_start]rarely branching (only at 90 degrees)[blank_end], [blank_start]nodes of Ranvier[blank_end]
Respuesta
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Dendrites
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shorter
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unmyelinated
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have ribosomes for protein synthesis
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spines
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Axons
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Myelination
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longer
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rarely branching (only at 90 degrees)
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nodes of Ranvier
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
Three main components of cytoskeleton are: [blank_start]microfilaments[blank_end], [blank_start]microtubules[blank_end], and [blank_start]neurofilaments[blank_end].
Respuesta
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microfilaments
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microtubules
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neurofilaments
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
List functions of the cytoskeleton: [blank_start]provides structure[blank_end], [blank_start]transports stuff[blank_end], [blank_start]allows flexibility for cell migration[blank_end], [blank_start]cell division[blank_end]
Respuesta
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provides structure
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transports stuff
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allows flexibility for cell migration
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cell division
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
The [blank_start]axon hillock[blank_end] forms the initial part of the axon as it emerges from the soma.
Respuesta
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axon hillock
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
The [blank_start]terminal boutons[blank_end] is the site of termination of axon; forms a [blank_start]synapse[blank_end] with receiving membrane.
Respuesta
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terminal boutons
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synapse
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Axons lack [blank_start]ribosomes[blank_end] and all proteins must be transported from the [blank_start]soma[blank_end].
Respuesta
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ribosomes
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soma
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Fast axonal transport is carried out through the use of what cytoskeletal machinery?
[blank_start]Microtubules (kinesins and dynein)[blank_end]
Respuesta
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Microtubules (kinesins and dynein)
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
Alzheimer's is thought to be due to what failing structure - what causes this structure to fail?
[blank_start]tau proteins fail (stabilizer)[blank_end] leads to [blank_start]microtubules failing[blank_end]
Respuesta
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tau proteins fail (stabilizer)
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microtubules failing
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
[blank_start]Anterograde[blank_end] transport is directed towards the terminal and utilizes [blank_start]kinesins[blank_end] while [blank_start]retrograde[blank_end] transport is directed towards the soma and uses [blank_start]dyneins[blank_end].
Respuesta
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Anterograde
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kinesins
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retrograde
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dyneins
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
Neurons can be classified based on the number of [blank_start]direct neurites (processes)[blank_end], 1 referring to [blank_start]unipolar[blank_end] cells, 2 to [blank_start]bipolar[blank_end] cells, and more as [blank_start]multipolar[blank_end].
Respuesta
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direct neurites (processes)
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unipolar
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bipolar
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multipolar
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
What are other ways to classify neurons?
[blank_start]Spines[blank_end], [blank_start]morphology[blank_end] (length, arborization of dendrites)
Respuesta
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Spines
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morphology
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
Spines can preform translation due to [blank_start]ribosomes[blank_end].
Respuesta
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ribosomes
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
What is the purpose of spines? What happens if they are malformed?
[blank_start]Learning and memory (flexibility)[blank_end]
Same amount of NT will excite more with repeated firing. Unused dendrites will lose spines.
Respuesta
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Learning and memory (flexibility)
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
[blank_start]Bipolar neurons[blank_end] have two neurites, most likely to be interneurons.
Respuesta
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Bipolar neurons
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
[blank_start]Multipolar cells[blank_end] are likely to be motor neurons
Respuesta
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Multipolar cells
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
[blank_start]Motor neurons[blank_end] are likely to be found in ventral roots
Respuesta
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Motor neurons
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
List four types of glial cells.
[blank_start]?[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
?
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
[blank_start]Oligodendrocytes[blank_end] myelinate single axons in the PNS while [blank_start]Schwann cells[blank_end] are also responsible for myelinating single axons in the CNS
Respuesta
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Oligodendrocytes
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Schwann cells
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
List factors that can activate microglia. Microglia are to the brain as [blank_start]?[blank_end] are to the rest of the body.
Respuesta
-
?
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
Some functions of astrocytes:
?[blank_start]?[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
?
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