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Preguntas del test (77)
1Which of the following statements are fundamental assumptions of the theory of ECG created by Wilhelm Einthoven?
- Aa) Wave of depolarization of the interventricular septum begins usually under endocardium of the left ventricle
- Bb) heart is located in conductive volume, which is a medium distributing changes of electrical field
- Cc) limb leads are located at verticles of equilateral triangle. Direction and amplitude of waves are related to projections of cardiac vector on planes of limb leads
- Dd) electrical activity can be expressed in form of electrical dipole
- Ee) ECG is the gold standard for the diagnostics of cardiac arrythmia and myocardial infarction
- Ff) P wave represents atrial depolarization spreading from right to left and downward toward to atrioventricular junction
2!! In unipolar chest leads
- Aa) lead V1 is located in the 4th intercostal space on right side of the sternum
- Bb) lead V5 is located in the 5th intercostal space in left midaxillary line
- Cc) lead V2 is located in the 2nd intercostal space on left side of the sternum
- Dd) lead V4 is located in the 5th intercostal space in left midclavicular line
- Ea) lead V1 is located in 5th intercostal space in left midclavicular line
- Fb) lead V5 is located in 5th intercostal space in left anterior axillary line
3!! whats FALSE about electrocardiogram
- Aa) the angle of the cardiac vector rapidly shifting to the right (right axis deviation - RAD) might suggest increased cardiac performance (cardiac work) of the right ventricle generated, for instance, in response to the pulmonary embolism
- Bb) S wave is positive in chest located over the left ventricle
(V5, V6) - Cc) standard QRS complex recorded by chest leads V1, V2 characterize with small positive R waves and deep S waves
- Dd) amplitude of the R wave can reach 2.6 mV (26mm; 10mm - 1mV) in V1 chest lead
- Ee) Q wave supposed to be positive in chest lead located over the left ventricle V5-V6
- Ff) right side deviation may suggest increased workload of the right ventricle is effect of pulmonary embolism
4Identify right statements concerning the ventricular complex of waves of the normal electrocardiogram
- Aa) duration of the QRS complex ranges 0.06 - 0.1
- Bb) amplitude of the R wave in precordial V6 lead should not exceed 10mV
- Cc) the main wave of the ventricular complex is T wave - negative in bipolar limb leads
- Dd) Q wave should not be recorded in normal precordial V1 and V2
- Ea) Q waves results form depolarization of intraventricular septum
- Fb) R waves results from ventricular repolarization
- Gc) QRS complex in the aVR is mainly positive because an electrode of this lead is located closer to the apex of heart
5Characteristic features of sinus rhythm are NOT TRUE
- Aa) duration of PQ interval ranges from 0.1 to 0.2 sec
- Bb) duration of QRS interval ranges from 0.06 to 0.1 sec
- Cc) P wave must be positive in aVR
- Dd) P wave must be positive in I, II bipolar leads, aVF
- Ee) each QRS complex is preceded by a P wave
- Ff) amplitude of the P wave should not exceed 5 mm
- Gg) P wave must be negative in aVR
6!! characteristic features of the sinus rhythm are
- Aa) duration of PQ interval ranges 0.1 - 0.2 s
- Bb) duration of PQ interval ranges 0.6 - 0.1s
- Cc) P wave is positive in aVR
- Dd) P wave is positive in I, II bipolar leads, aVF
- Ee) Each QRS complex is preceded by P wave.
- Ff) P wave is flat in aVR
- Gg) PQ interval should not be longer than 0.1 sec
- Ha) PQ interval should not be shorted than 0.1 sec
7!! which of the following statements concerning QRS complex are right
- Aa) Depth of the Q wave should not exceed 25% of the amplitude of the R wave of chest leas recorded over left ventricle
- Bb) Amplitude of R wave should not exceed 12mm in chest leads
- Cc) Amplitude of the R wave can be higher than 12mm in chest lead VI
- Dd) Duration of the Q wave usually equals 8 mm (proper speed 50mm/s)
- Ee) QT represent ventricular de- and repolarization, it takes approximately 0.4 sec
- Fa) Q wave relfects depolarization distributing from the left to the right side of the interventricular septum
- Gb) duration of the QRS complex ranges 0.06 - 0.1 secc
- Hc) duration of the Q wave ranges 0.06 - 0.1s
- Id) Q wave should NOT be recorded (should be absent) in chest leads
V1 and V2 of the normal ECG
8!! identify right statements concerning P waves of ECG
- Aa) it is produced by the atrial depolarization
- Bb) it is generated along with a sound of closure of the atrioventricular valves
- Cc) duration of the normal P wave ranges 0.04 - 0.11 sec
- Dd) it is a positive deflection of I, II and aVF leads
- Ee) it is usually generated by the atrioventricular node of the intrinsic conduction system of heat
- Fa) it is generated due to the atrial contraction
9Identify right statement concerning T wave of ECG
- Aa) it is produced by atrial repolarization
- Bb) duration of the T wave is 0.1 sec
- Cc) ventricular relaxation develops after T wave
- Dd) ventricular depolarization finishes after T wave
- Ee) amplitude of the T wave should NOT exceed 6mm in limb leads
- Fa) duration of the T wave ranges 0.12 - 0.16
- Gb) duration of the T wave range 0.18 - 0.40s
- Hc) T wave is a negative deflection in aVR
- Ia) T wave lasts for 0.12 - 0.16 sec
- Jb) it is supposed to be positive in limb leads I, II and negative in aVR
10!! which of following statements concerning PQ interval are right?
- Aa) it includes P wave and PQ segment
- Bb) atrial depolarization occurs in time of the PQ segement
- Cc) it equals to the time of passage of the impulse via atrioventricular node
- Dd) in time of the PQ interval impulse generated in SA node reaches ventricular musculature
- Ee) duration of the PQ interval ranges 0.12 - 0.20 sec
- Ff) finishes with depolarization of purkinje system
- Gg) it includes P wave and PQ interval
- Hh) PQ segment ranges 0.1 - 0.2 sec
11!! identify righ statements concerning recording of the aVR lead
- Aa) duration of the PQ interval ranges 0.06 - 0.12 sec in aVR
- Bb) waves P and R should be negative in aVR
- Cc) aVR is a unipolar limb lead attached to the right arm
- Dd) the amplitude of the P wave should NOT be greater than 3mm in chest leads
- Ee) aVR is a unipolar limb lead measuring cardiac voltages on the left arm
- Ff) P wave is negative in aVR
- Gg) duration of the P wave ranges 0.04 - 0.11 sec
12find correct sentences concerning intrinsic conduction system of heart
- Aa) SA node fires action potentials with frequency of 60-90 min
- Bb) AV node synapses directly to the contractile cardiomyocytes of the inter
- Cc) AV node characterizes with low velocity of conductance
- Dd) AV node is a source of the natural cardiac rhythm
- Ee) A bundle of His is responsible for proper spreading of the depolarization rhythm to ventricle
13!! what phenomena will be observed in effect atrial fibrillation
(lack of synchronus electrical mechanical action of atria)- Aa) resting heart rate will decrease to 30min
- Bb) the level of the preload will increase
- Cc) definite atrioventricular block will develop
- De) P waves will look normal but PQ interval will prolong over 0.2 sec
- Ea) respiratory ecg irregulatory will be recorded
- Fb) there will be no relation between recorded P-waves and QRS
14Which statements are related to preload phenomen
- Aa) it controls cardiac output in response to changes of the venous return
- Bb) SV is the clinical representation of preload
- Cc) Frank-Starling mechanism maintains an exact matching between the stroke volume and the venous return
- Dd) it is related to the sarcomere length and the end of systole
- Ee) stretching of the sarcomere maximizes the number of actin-myosin bridges responsible for development of force
15!! Description of the ventricular complex of ECG in lead I - Q wave, no S wave, R wave 10 mm, in lead III no Q wave, R wave 1 mm, S wave-18 mm. What's your opinion about the electrical cardiac axis
- Aa) It's right axis deviation (RAD). The angle is - 150 degrees
- Bb) It's normal axis. The angle is about 0 degrees
- Cc) It's left axis deviation (LAD). The angle is about -60 degrees.
- Dd) amplitude of the R wave should not exceed 7mm in limb lead I
- Ee) amplitude of R wave in limb lead I and III shouldnt be higher than 20mm
- Ff) its normal axis. The angle is +60 degrees
- Gg) amplitude of the R limb lea and III can reach even 20mm
16Which of sentences properly concern left axis deviation (LAD) of the electrical cardiac axis?
- Aa) electrical axis of ventricular contraction of the heart lies between 0 and +90 in LAD (between 0 and -90 degrees)
- Bb) LAD is reflected by QRS complex positive in lead I and negative in lead III
- Cc) electrical axis of ventricular contraction of the heart lies between +90 and +180 in LAD
- Dd) common causes of LAD is overload of the left ventricle secondary to conditions such as aortic stenosis and hypertension
17!! Identify right phenomena developed in the cardiovascular system in response to decompression of baroreceptors:
- Aa) Neurogenic tension increases within small and large systemic veins
- Bb) MAP decreases
- Cc) Contractility of cardiac ventricles is up-regulated.
- Dd) venous return decreases
- Ee) In cardiovascular center NTS inhibits CVLM by projecting GABA-ergic axons.
- Fa) Decompression of baroreceptors can occur in effect of uprising.
- Gb) decompression of baroreceptors increases the tone of the sympathetic system
- Hc) Decompression of baroreceptors is produced by use of the mean arterial pressure
(MAP). - Id) Decompression of baroreceptors leads to deactivation of the depressor zone (CVLM)
- Je) In cardiovascular center nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) activates CVLM
18Identify right statements concerning cardiovascular reflexes changing activity of heart
- Aa) In Bezold-Jarish reflex rise of the transmural pressure in arch of aorta stimulates baroreceptors. In effect of such stimulation cardiac inotropism is up-regulated
- Bb) In Goltz reflex parasympathetic stimulation is able to down-regulate cardiac chronotropism
- Cc) the cardiac component of the bainbridge reflex relfex increases contractility and the heart rate, faciliating shifting of blood from atria into ventricles and then arteries
- Dd) aortic and carotid baroreceptors dont respond to rise of mean arterial pressure (MAP). They respond only to phasic (rapid) changes of the arterial pressure
19!! Baroreceptor reflex induces compensation for the mild hemorrhage will cause which of following values to be higher?
- Aa) venous capacitance
- Bb) Total peripheral resistance
- Cc) Heart rate
- Dd) effective filtration pressure
20!! Factors that not stimulate arterial baroreceptors of carotid sinus and arch of aorta are:
- Aa) Hypoxia (low pO2)
- Bb) MAP higher than 50 mmHg
- Cc) Phasic changes of arterial pressure
- Dd) Decompression of baroreceptors
21factors that stimulate arterial baroreceptors of carotid sinus of arch of aorta are
- Aa) Hypozxia (low pO2)
- Bb) MAP higher than 50 mm Hg
- Cc) Phasic changes of arterial pressure
- Dd) decompression of baroreceptors
22!! dentify right statements concerning acustic and mechanical phenomena in heart:
- Aa) Apical impulse (apex beat) Is palpable in 5th left intercostal space, in midclavicular line.
- Bb) The 2nd heart sound is normally splitted during inspiration due to increased tone of the
vague nerve. - Cc) The 2nd heart sound is normally splitted during inspiration due to various gradients of
pressure across semilunar valves. - Dd) Rapid filling phase of the ventricular diastole Is followed by isovolumetric (Isometric)!relaxation of ventricles
- Ee) diastasis phase of the ventricular diastole is followed by atrial systole (contraction)
- Ff) Percussion over the cardiac area should give a dull sound
23Which statements concerning auscultation are right
- Aa) closure of the mitral valva is best heard in the fifth left intercostal space, in midclavicular line
- Bb) opening of the mitral valve is best heard in the second right intercostal space, in midclavicular line
- Cc) closure of the aortic valve is best heard in the second right intercostal space at the sternal border
- Dd) closure of pulmonic valve is best heard at the fourtgh right intercostal space at the sternal border
24!! I phenomena observed in effect of deep inspiration of air:
- Aa) CVP falls
- Bb) MAP decreases
- Cc) Heart rate decreases
- Dd) MAP increases
- Ee) venous return increases
- Ff) heart rate increases
25Which of following phenomena concerning atrial excitation and contraction are true:
- Aa) Semilunar valves opens right after atrial contraction
- Bb) P wave of the ECG recording is generated right before atrial contraction
- Cc) End-diastolic volume (EDV) is the volume of ventricles right after atrial contraction
- Dd) the second cardiac sound is generated right before atrial contraction
- Ee) depolarization develops primarily within left and then right atrium
26!! identify phenomena related to Isovolumetric relaxation of left ventricle
- Aa) it begins with S2 sound
- Bb) EDV of blood is reached in this phase
- Cc) semilunar valves opens
- Dd) pressure in right ventricle decrease reaching level of CVP
27 Isovolumetric relaxation.
- Aa) pressure in ventricle decrease
- Bb) pressure in ventricle increase
- Cc) AV and seminular valves are opened
- Dd) AV and seminular valves are closed
28Which of following sentences correctly describe the stage of isovolumetric contraction of ventricles:
- Aa) Ventricular pressure rises to the level of diastolic arterial pressure during that stage
- Bb) ventricular pressure decreases
- Cc) Atrioventricular valves are closed while semilunar valves are opened
- Dd) The stage begins with closure of atrioventricular valves, finishes with opening of semilunar valves.
- Ee) the stage begins with closure of semilunar valves, finishes with opening of atrioventricular valves
29What will occur to cardiovascular system in effect of sympathetic stimulation developed in effect of up-rising
- Aa) Venous return will increase
- Bb) Compliance of central veins will increase.
- Cc) diastolic arterial pressure will increase
- Dd) fitlration of plasma in capillaries will increase
30identify phenomena produced by activation of the LEFT vagus nerve in heart
- Aa) negative dromotropic effect is observed
- Bb) vagus nerve increases conduction velocity of impulses via the atrio-ventricular node
- Cc) prepotential of the pacemaker cell of the SA node develops slowly and less dynamically
- Dd) duration of the PQ interval is prolonged
31find right concerning cardiac cycle
- Aa) isovolumetric relaxation begins after generation of cardiac sounds S2
- Bb) volume of the ventricle decreases right after opening of the atrioventricular valve
- Cc) semilunar valves open at the end isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
- Dd) pressure recorded at the end of isovolumetric ventricular contraction equal diastolic pressure in aorta
32Which statements concerning the influence of the vagus nerve on hearth are right
- Aa) Right Vagus nerve innervates SA node y
- Bb) Left vagus nerve innervates left ventricle.
- Cc) Left vagus nerve innervates SA node
- Dd) Ventricles of heart are not innervated by parasympathetic branches.
33which statements are right
- Aa) secondary waves of arterial pressure reflect changes of pressure in chest due to ventilation phase.
- Bb) normal MAP in aorta in 120 mm Hg
- Cc) MAP = BP systolic + 1/3 (Bpsystolic - BP diastolic)
- Dd) proper value of the arterial pressure in aorta is
160/95mmHg - Ee) primary waves of arterial pressure reflects phases of the cardiac cycle
34!! which statements are right?
- Aa) the musculature of ventricles is connected to musculature of atria only through bundle of His
- Bb) cardiac cycle is the sequence of electrical and mechanical events that repeats every heart beat
- Cc) EDV is observed in ventricles during isovolumetric relaxation
- Dd) EDV is the volume of blood left in ventricles after systole
- Ee) EDV is observed in ventricles during isovolumetric contraction
- Ff) ESV is the volume of blood left in ventricles after ventricular ejection - after systole
35!! which of following sentences correctly describe the second heart sound (S2)?
- Aa) the frequency of the sound is lower than of S1 and ranges 65-200 Hz
- Bb) duration equals to 0.12 sec
- Cc) it is best audible in 5th left intercostal space in midclavicular line
- Dd) it can be split during deep inspiration
- Ee) is best heard in second intercostal space on both sides of the sternum
- Ff) its duration is shorter than of S1
- Gg) its frequency is 2000 Hz which is lower than that of S1
- Hh) its duration is longer than of S1
- Ii) its frequency is higher than of S1
- Jj) it is produced by closure of atrioventricular valve
36!! identify right statements concerning the first cardiac sound /
identify right statements concerning systolic sound (S1 sound)- Aa) it is best heard over the area of the apical impulse
- Bb) lasts for 0.15 sec
- Cc) its frequency is 250-450 Hz
- Dd) it is produced by closure of semilunar valves
- Ee) it is well audible over the area of the (apex beat) apical impulse
- Ff) it is longer and lower than the sound generated by semilunar valves
- Gg) its frequency is 25-45 Hz
37!! which statements concerning the orthostatic test are improper?
- Aa) ortostatic test states cardiovascular adaptations produced by change of the body position from upright into recumbent
- Bb) in result of the orthostatic test, vascular peripheral resistance should rise
- Cc) in result of the orthostatic test, cardiac chronotropism should be down-regulated
- Dd) in result of the orthostatic test, both systolic and diastolic arterial pressure should be elevated
- Ee) in result of the orthostatic test, impulse pressure (systolic-diastolic amplitude) should be reduced
- Ff) in result of the orthostatic test, cardiac chronotropism should be up-regulated
38Decrease of systolic pressure will occur in effect of:
- Aa) blockage of voltage gated calcium channel of cardiomyocytes (DHP receptor)
- Bb) decreased conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
- Cc) binding adrenergic agonists to B1 adrenergic receptor
- Dd) binding of angiotensin II to AT1 receptor
39!! peripheral chemoreceptors of aortic and carotid bodies:
- Aa) are equipped in oxygen sensitive sodium channels
- Bb) inhibit RVLM and nuclei of the vagus nerve
- Cc) can faciliate bradycardia in case of apnoe
- Dd) respond mainly to hypoxia
- Ee) they sense partial pressure of oxygen in plasma in blood
- Ff) they depolarize in effect of hypoxia
40!! proper values of pressure forming Starling forces in standard capillary are:
- Aa) hydrostatic pressure in arteriolar end of capillary of 45 mm Hg
- Bb) colloid osmotic pressure of the intestinal surrounding capillary of 33 mm Hg
- Cc) colloid osmotic pressure in lumen of capillary of 35 mm Hg
- Dd) EFP in arteriolar end of capillary of 25 mm Hg
- Ee) colloid-osmotic pressure in lumen capillary of 25 mm Hg
- Ff) EFP in arteriolar end of capillary of 7 mm Hg
- Gg) hydrostatic pressure in arteriolar end of standard capillary of 50 mm Hg
41!! identify right statements concerning jugular venous
Pressure / Pulse- Aa) it depends on activity of RVLM
- Bb) JVP is the highest during the maximal ejection of blood
- Cc) ''c'' wave of the JVP results form elevation of pressure produced by closure of the right semilunar valves
- Dd) it depends on respiratory phases and intrathoracic pressure
- Ee) it rises in effect of activation of RVLM
- Ff) wave ''c'' of the JVP results from elevation of pressure by closure of tricuspid valve
- Gg) waves of jugular venous pulse spread retrogradely in relation to the venous blood
- Hh) wave a* of the jugular pulse is produced by atrial contraction
- Ii) Narrowing (stenosis) of the tricuspid valve will rise an amplitude of the ''a'' wave of jugular venous pulse
42identify right statements concerning central venous pressure (CVP)
- Aa) CVP is proportionate to the volume of the venous return
- Bb) CVP decreases in effect of vasalva maneuver (forced exhalation)
- Cc) CVP decreases in mitral stenosis (reduced diameter of the right atrioventricular valve)
- Dd) DVP rises to 10 mm Hg during ventricular ejection of ventricles because of bulging of the tricuspid valve into the right atrium
- Ee) CVP rises in hypervolemia
43Which of following phenomena coincide (occur at the same time)
- Aa) wave ''x'' of the JVP
- Bb) closure of atrioventricular valves
- Cc) ejection of blood from both ventricles
- Dd) stretch of atria in time of ventricular ejection phase
- Ee) first heart sound
44Patient admitted to the hospital because of chest pain was done ECG, ultrasound and blood test for myocardial infarction (MI). There was no evidence of MI, but ECG and ultrasound revealed thickening of the left ventricular muscle and narrowing of the aortic valve. What has happened to the tension of the ventricular wall? What is, in your opinion, the proper strategy for treatment?
- Aa) Tension of ventricular wall has increased in effect of observed pathology
- Bb) Tension of ventricular wall has decreased in effect of observed pathology
- Cc) Tension of ventricular wall has not changed
- Dd) Medications supposed to reduce the afterload
45continuation of the previous question. which of the following is the best measure in effectiveness of medication in above mentioned situation?
- Aa) Left-ventricular EDV
- Bb) Left ventricular mean systolic pressure
- Cc) mean arterial blood pressure
- Dd) Total peripheral resistance
46!! in patient after cardiac transplantation. SV may increase during exercise in effect of which of following mechanisms;
- Aa) an increase in venous compliance
- Bb) an increase in arterial blood pressure
- Cc) an increase in total peripheral resistance
- Dd) A decrease in venous compliance rising venous return
- Ee) A decrease in venous compliance
- Ff) A decrease in myocardial contractility
- Gg) Positive inotropic effect of circulating catecholamines
47during cardiac catherization of 75 y.o woman following valuse were obtained: pO2 in pulmonary vein - 20mL of 02/100 mL of blood, Po2 in pulmonary artery - 12 mL of 02/100 mL of blood, oxygen consumption 240 mL 021 min, stroke volume 75 mL, name the state of the cardiovascular system:
- Aa) Tachycardia
- Bb) Bradycardia
- Cc) Hypertension
- Dd) Hypotension
48The graph below illustrates the
pressure/volume curves for the arterial and venous system. Which of the following is the approximate ratio of the arterial venous compliance?- Aa) 18:1
- Bb) 9:1
- Cc) 1:9
- Dd) 1:18
49what is an ejection fraction percentage, as determined from the left ventricular pressure/volume illustrated below. At which of the following points semilunar valves open?
- Aa) 60%
- Bb) 55%
- Cc) 65%
- Dd) they will open at Point B
- Ee) they will open at Point C
- Ff) they will open at Point D
- Gg) they will open at Point E
50!! tonus of precapillasry sphincters decreases (sphincters relax) in case of
- Aa) Deficit of O2 (hypoxia) in tissues
- Bb) Acidosis
- Cc) Excess of glucose (hyperglycemia)
- Dd) Deficit of CO2
- Ee) Excess CO2 (hypercapnia)
51various reactions of cardiovascular system to physical exercise can be diagnosed by Martinettes test. Indicate the correct statement describing possible reactions to the Martinettes test?
- Aa) Astenic reaction is the evidence of disturbances in neural regulation of the vascular tone
- Bb) Hypertonic reaction is a moderate increase of the systolic pressure and dramatic decrease of diastolic pressure
- Cc) In normotonic reaction systolic pressure does not change or slightly decreases
- Dd) Dystonic reaction is characterized by dramatic increase of the heart rate and slight increase of both pressures
- Ee) Increased tone of resistance vessels and sympathetic system provides symptoms typical of hypertonic reaction
52find WRONG expressions concerning phase 2 (plateu phase) of action potential of contractile cardiomyocytes:
- Aa) cardiomyocytes develop the relative refractory period by the end of that phase
- Bb) sodium channel stays inactive in this phase
- Cc) muscarinic receptor of contractile cardiomyocytes is opened in this phase
- Dd) influx of calcium and outlflow of potassium is observed during this phase
- Ee) Plateu phase is the most characteristic feature of the pacemaker potential (prepotential)
53identify right statements concerning phase 2 of the plateu potential of the contractile cardiomyocyte
- Aa) Na+ channel is opened for all the time of the phase
- Bb) cardiomyocytes are in the absolute refractory period
- Cc) nicotinic receptor for contractile cardiomyocytes is opened in this phase
- Dd) influx of calcium and outflow of potassium is observed during this phase
54in healthy clients diastolic pressure depends on
- Aa) Heart rate; the higher the heart rate - the higher diastolic pressure.
- Bb) Peripheral vascular resistance; the higher the resistance - the lower the diastolic pressure.
- Cc) Stroke volume; the higher the stroke volume - the higher the diastolic pressure.
- Dd) Volume of blood in vascular system; the higher the volume of blood – the higher the
diastolic pressure.
55identify proper expressions concerning Bainbridge reflex
- Aa) the stimulus is the atrial stretch produced by increased venous return
- Bb) heart rate is down regulated (slowed)
- Cc) it helps to adapt the heart to increased volume of the venous return during physical exercise
- Dd) effector tissue of the reflex is atrial musculature especially sinoatrial node
56Bainbridge Reflex
- Aa) Mechanical stretch of the SA node area
- Bb) Increased activity of mechanoreceptor of the right atrium
- Cc) Increased venous return
- Dd) excessive stretch of the right ventricle
57peripheral arteries characterize with
- Aa) Neurogenic tension of resistance vessels
- Bb) stable membrane potential equals to -95 mV
- Cc) Abundant vasoconstrictory innervation mediating effects via muscarinic receptor
- Dd) Gap junctions joining neighboring muscle cells
58!! which formulas concerning end diastolic volume (EDV) are correct
- Aa) EDV = CO + SV + ESV
- Bb) EF = SV/EDV
- Cc) EDV = SV + venous return
- Dd) EF = SV /(EDV - ESV)
- Ee) EDV = ESV + Venous Return
- Ff) EDV = SV + ESV
- Gg) EDV = CO + SV
59!! According to Poiseuilles law: (or According to poiseuille-hagen formula)
- Aa) Resistance of circulation of blood is inversely proportionate to the 4th power of radium of the vessel
- Bb) Resistance of circulation is inversely proportionate to the blood viscosity
- Cc) Flow of rate of blood is proportionate to the driving pressure
- Dd) resistance of the blood flow is proportionate to the length of the vessel
- Ee) resistance of the blood flow is inversely proportionate to the fourth power of the radium
- Ff) resistance of the blood flow is proporionate to the lenght of the vessel
60identify right sentences concerning neuromuscular junctions
- Aa) its an example of the electrical synapse
- Bb) the postsynaptic membrane of the junction is rich in voltage gated channels
- Cc) it is a synapse between the neuron and the visceral smooth muscle cell
- Dd) Acetylcholine is a mediator in this junction
- Ee) The release of neurotransmitters requires the influx of Ca2+
61find right sentences concerning a sarcomere
- Aa) it is a basic contractile unit in smooth muscle cells
- Bb) it is a contractile unit in cardiac muscle cells
- Cc) an anisotropic band is located in the middle of the sarcomere
- Dd) the myosin filament is attached to the Z-line
- Ee) does not change its length during contraction
62find true sentences concerning blood vessels
- Aa) aorta characterizes with high compliance to veins
- Bb) veins contain the largest percentage of blood in the CV system
- Cc) pressure in system veins of the chest follow changes in pressure of right atrium
- Dd) precapillary sphincter, same as aterio-venous shunts characterizes with strong neuro-
63similarities between smooth and cardiac muscle cells include
- Aa) vonluntary nervous counters perfomed by efferent branches of the somatic nervous system
- Bb) intracelullar effect of beta-adrenergic receptor is mediated by the activation of adenylyl cylcase
- Cc) role of myocin light chain kinase in muscle contraction
- Dd) presence of gap junctions enabling fast intracellular contraction
64identify phenomena produced by activation of the M2-cholinergic receptor of the cardiomyocyte
- Aa) negative dromotropic effect is observed. It results from activation of M2-cholinergic receptor of the cells of AV node
- Bb) activity of the adenylyl cyclase increases. It results with increases concentration of the cAMP
- Cc) positive chronotropic effect is observed in heart. Heart rate increases
- Dd) prepotential of the pacemaker cell of the SA node develops slower and less dynamically
65cardiac contractility depends on various factors. Indicate the correct statements concerning extrinsic pathway
- Aa) contractility is increase by catecholamines
- Bb) contractility is increased by blockers of the voltage-gated calcium channel of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Cc) contractility is increased by blockers of the cardiac
Na/K ATPase which rise intracelullar concentrations - Dd) contractility is increased by stimulation of the vagus nerve
66identify right statements concerning regulation of cardiac performance
- Aa) according to heterometric regulation, ventricular ejection is inversely proportionate to afterload
- Bb) strength of ventricular contraction is proportional to EDV
- Cc) antagonists of the calcium pump produce positive inotropic effect to heart
- Dd) strength of ventricular ejection is proportionate to the heart rate
(ranging 0 - 150 bpm)
67what is an ejection fraction percentage, as determined from the left ventricular pressure-volume curve illustrated below. At which of the following points of the curve isovolumetric relaxation will begin:
- Aa) 75 %
- Bb) 55 %
- Cc) 50 %
- Dd) 40 %
- Ee) point A
- Fd) point B
- Gf) point D
68in hemodynamic pressure the left ventricle tracing below
ISOVOLUMETRIC RELAXATION
BEGINS AT- Aa) point A
- Bb) point B
- Cc) point C
- Dd) point D
69in hemodynamic pressure the left ventricle tracing below
(SEMILUNAR VALVES OPEN AT)- Aa) point B
- Bb) point E
- Cc) point D
- Dd) point F
70in the phase of ventricular ejection
- Aa) AV valves open
- Bb) AV valves close producing the second heart sound
- Cc) atrial pressure is at maximal
- Dd) ventricular pressure is lower than pressure in pulmonary trunk and aorta
- Ee) ventricular pressure exceeds the pressure in pulmonary trunk and aorta
71cardiac contractility depends on various factors. Indicate the correct statement
- Aa) contractility is increased by thyroid gland hormones and glucocorticoids
- Bb) contractility is increased by hypoclacemia of the extracellular fluid
- Cc) contractility is decreased by caffeine and teophilin that inhibits the phosphodiestereases
- Dd) contractility is decreased by blockers of the B1-adrenergic receptors as well as blockers of the Ca2+ channel
72proper values of the arterial pressure (systolic and diastolic) shouldnt be higher than
- Aa) 160 mm Hg
- Bb) 140 mm Hg
- Cc) 150 mm Hg
- Dd) 95 mm Hg
73phenomenon of the air-chamber
- Aa) equals MAP
- Bb) represents elasticity of the arterial system
- Cc) closes atrioventricular valves
- Dd) maintains continuous blood flow in arterial system, even during diastole of the heart
74an increase of the vessel radius from 1mm to 2mm causes the resistance to
- Aa) increase 4 times
- Bb) decrease 8 times
- Cc) increase 8 times
- Dd) decrease 16 times
75Cyon-Ludwig reflex
- Aa) begins in baroreceptors of arch of aorta
- Bb) afferent fibers are located in aortic nerve (branch of the vagus nerve)
- Cc) begins in subendothelial region of the right ventricles
- Dd) produces reflective elevation of systolic pressure after changing of the body position
76which of following substances will relax precapillary sphincters
- Aa) nitric oxide
- Bb) raised concentration of lactate
- Cc) adenosine
- Dd) acetylcholine
77it is necessary to control the tension of the left ventricle during systole to protect it from rupturing. They respond only to
- Aa) chemoreceptor reflex producing vasoconstriction
- Bb) compression of baroreceptors that increase that heart rate
- Cc) in Bezolt-Jarich reflex decreasing afterload
- Dd) in Bainbridge reflex increasing the cardiac output
Información
- Descripción
- Test sobre P, creado por Sun Shine el 31/03/2022.
- Autor
- Sun Shine
- Idioma
- English
- Visitas
- 12
- Historial
- Creado el 31 mar 2022 · actualizado el 5 abr 2022
- Valoración
- Aún sin valoraciones Valora este test