4226176
Descripción
Test por Avi Chudasama, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por Avi Chudasama
hace más de 8 años
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Pregunta 1
Pregunta
most of the body water is in
Respuesta
-
the intracelluar fluid
-
the extracellular fluid
-
tissue (interstitial) fluid
-
blood plasma and lymph
-
the transcellular fluid
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
osmosis from one fluid compartment to another is determined by
Respuesta
-
the temperature difference between compartments
-
the relative concentration of solutes in each compartment
-
the relative volume in each compartment
-
the relative size of each compartment
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
in which of these compartments would fluid accumulate in edema
Respuesta
-
intracellular fluid
-
transcellular fluid
-
tissue (interstitial) fluid
-
blood plasma
-
lymph
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
most body water comes from ____ whereas most body water is lost via ____
Respuesta
-
metabolic water; cutaneous transpiration
-
metabolic water; sweat
-
drinking; cutaneous transpiration and expired air
-
drinking; urine
-
drinking; radiation
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic neurons called
Respuesta
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baroreceptors
-
propioceptors
-
nociceptors
-
osmoreceptors
-
mechanoreceptors
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Respuesta
-
stimulates angiotensin II secretion
-
promotes water conservation
-
stimulates hypothalamic
-
osmorereceptors
-
argets the cerebral cortex
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
water output is significantly controlled through variations in
Respuesta
-
metabolic water
-
sweating
-
cutaneous transpiration
-
urine volume
-
drinking
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
when blood volume and pressure
are too high
Respuesta
-
ADH release is inhibited.
-
ADH release is stimulated
-
renal tubules reabsorb more water
-
renal tubules reabsorb more sodium.
-
the kidneys produce less urine
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
prolonged exposure to cold weather can lead to
Respuesta
-
fluid sequestration in the upper limbs
-
hypotonic hydration.
-
hypovolemia.
-
positive water balance.
-
negative water balance
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
dehydration results in increased blood and ECF osmolarity. this makes osmoreceptors stimulate____ secretion by the hypothalamus ___ in the DCT and CD
Respuesta
-
ADH; decreasing water reabsorption
-
ADH; increasing water reabsorption
-
aldosterone; decreasing sodium and water reabsorption
-
aldosterone; increasing sodium and water reabsorption
-
angiotensin II; increasing sodium reabsorption
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
Hemorrhages...
Respuesta
-
decrease body water but do not significantly affect osmolarity
-
decrease body water but increase osmolarity
-
decrease body water and decrease osmolarity
-
increase ECF volume but decrease ICF volume
-
decrease ECF volume but increase ICF volume.
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
long-term inhibition of thirst is mostly
associated with
Respuesta
-
cooling of the mouth
-
distention of the stomach by ingested water
-
a drop in blood osmolarity
-
moistening of the mouth
-
increased salivation
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
this is the principal cation of the ECF
Respuesta
-
Ca 2+
-
Cl -
-
Na +
-
K +
-
Pi
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
aldosterone receptors are found on cells of
Respuesta
-
the adrenal cortex
-
the adernal medulla
-
the posterior pituitary
-
PCT
-
the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
Aldosterone...
Respuesta
-
increases both Na+ and K+ reabsorption.
-
increases both Na+ and K+ secretion.
-
increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion.
-
reduces Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion.
-
causes the urine to be more diluted.
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
chloride homeostasis is achieved mainly as a result of ____ homeostasis
Respuesta
-
H2PO4-
-
PO43-
-
HCO3-
-
Na+
-
K+
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
the calcium of the body fluids does/is not
Respuesta
-
participate in muscle contraction
-
a significant component of nucleic acids.
-
serve as a second messenger
-
activate exocytosis.
-
important in blood clotting.
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
calcium concentration is regulated by
Respuesta
-
hormones
-
sodium and calcium concentration in plasma
-
chloirde and phosphate concentration in plasma
-
the parasympathetic nervous system
-
the sympatheic neverous syster
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
the major chemical buffers system of the body are the ___ systems
Respuesta
-
urinary and respiratory
-
urinary and digestive
-
bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein
-
bicarbonate, nucleic acids, and protein
-
bicarbonate, phosphate, and nitrate
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
what protein(s) is/are the most important buffer(s) in blood plasma
Respuesta
-
fibrinogen
-
albumin
-
alpha globulins
-
gamma globulins
-
transferrin
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
what protein(s) is/are the most important buffer(s) in erythrocytes
Respuesta
-
albumin
-
fibrinogen
-
gamma globulins
-
hemoglobin
-
myoglobin
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
when the renal tubules secrete hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid, they ___ at the same time
Respuesta
-
secrete potassium
-
secrete sodium
-
reabsorb potassium
-
secrete chloride
-
reabsorb sodium
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
proteins can buffer a drop of pH by their ____ side groups and can buffer an increase in pH by their ____ side groups
Respuesta
-
-NH2; -PO4
-
-PO4; -COOH
-
-NH2; -COOH
-
-COOH; -NH2
-
-PO4; -NH2
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
in a person with normal acid-base balance, there are no bicarbonate ions in urine because
Respuesta
-
they are consumed by neutralizing H+.
-
they are reabsorbed by the renal tubule cells.
-
they are exchanged for CO2.
-
they are exchanged for Cl-.
-
they rapidly diffuse into the renal tubule cells.
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
in acidosis, the membrane potential of nerve cells is ___, which ____ the central nervous system
Respuesta
-
repolarized; inhibits
-
depolarized; stimulates
-
hyperpolarized; depresses
-
depolarized; depresses
-
hyperpolarized; stimulates
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Blood Plasma osmolarity is higher than intracellular fluid osmolarity
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
In a state of water balance, average daily fluid gains and losses are equal
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic receptors called osmoreceptors
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
the kidneys secrete ADH in response to dehydration
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
Hypovolemic refers to a reduction in total body water while maintaining normal osmolarity
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
Aldosterone promotes potassium excretion
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Natriuretic peptides promote sodium and potassium excretion
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Hyponatremia is usually a result of hypotonic hydration
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Hypocalcemia causes muscle weakness, whereas hypercalcemia causes potentially fatal muscle tetanus
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
Chloride homeostasis is regulated as a side effect of sodium homeostasis
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
The three physiological buffer systems are urinary, digestive, and respiratory
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
The kidneys neutralize more acid or base than any other buffer system
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Acidosis is a pH lower than 7, whereas alkalosis is a pH higher than 7
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
Uncompensated alkalosis is a pH imbalance that can only be corrected with clinical intervention
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
a buffer system converts a weak acid or base into a strong one.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
Hypernatremia is a plasma___concentration above normal
Respuesta
-
Na+
-
K+
-
NaCl
-
Cl-
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
Hypernatremia tends to cause all of the following except
Respuesta
-
a reduction in plasma volume
-
a gain in plasma volume
-
reduction in blood
-
a again in blood
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
_____ is the most significant solute in determining the distribution of water among fluid compartments.
Respuesta
-
Na+
-
K+
-
Cl-
-
H+
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
____does not stimulate aldosterone secretion
Respuesta
-
High blood sodium concentration
-
Low blood sodium concentration
-
High blood potassium concentration
-
Low blood Potassium concentration
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
women have a tendency to retain water during part of the menstrual cycle because estrogen mimics the action of
Respuesta
-
aldosterone
-
plasma
-
blood
-
water
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
this is the most abundant cation of the ICF
Respuesta
-
K+
-
Na+
-
Cl-
-
H+
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
the total body water (TBW) contente of a 70 kg young male is about
Respuesta
-
40L
-
4L
-
400L
-
4000L
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
this is the greatest determinant of intracellular volume
Respuesta
-
K+
-
H+
-
Cl-
-
Na+
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
these scenarious are related with hyperkalemia except
Respuesta
-
resting membrane potential is more positive
-
resting membrane potential is more negative
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
In a state of hypokalemia
Respuesta
-
cells are hyperpolarized
-
cells are hypopolarized
-
cells remain the same
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
hypokalemia can result from all of the following except from
Respuesta
-
aldosterone hyposecretion
-
aldosterone hypersecretion
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
this is the moste abundant anion of the ECF
Respuesta
-
Cl-
-
Na+
-
K+
-
H+
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
the inorganic phosphates (Pi) of the body fluids
Respuesta
-
form crystals with calcium in the presence of calsequestrin
-
form crystals with potassium in the presence of calsequestrin
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
excretion of phosphate
Respuesta
-
increases free calcium ions in the ECF
-
increases free potassium ions in the ECF
-
decreases free calcium ions in the ECF
-
decreases free potassium ions in the ECF
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
___ represents the complete chemical reaction for the bicarbonate buffer system.
Respuesta
-
CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 <--> HCO3- + H+
-
H2CO3 <--> CO2 + H20
-
H+ + CO3 <--> H2CO3
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
tissue fluid normally has a pHof
Respuesta
-
7.35-7.45
-
8.35-8.45
-
7.15-7.25
-
7.85-7.95
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
A weak base
Respuesta
-
Binds little H+ and has a weak effect of pH
-
Binds little H+ and has a strong effect of pH
Pregunta 58
Pregunta
the pH of the intracellular fluid is buffered mainly by
Respuesta
-
proteins
-
carbohydrates
-
lipids
-
fatty acids
Pregunta 59
Pregunta
the bicarbonate buffer system would not work very well in the human body if not for the action of the respiratory sytem, which
Respuesta
-
expels CO2 produced by the buffer system
-
intakes CO2 produced by the buffer system
-
expels H2O produced by the buffer system
-
intakes H2O produced by the buffer system
Pregunta 60
Pregunta
an antiport system on the basal side of renal tubule cells
Respuesta
-
exchanges K+ for Na+
-
exchanges Na+ for K+
-
exchanges K+ for H+
-
exchanges Na+ for Cl-
Pregunta 61
Pregunta
in acidosis, the kidneys compensate by
Respuesta
-
secreting more ammonia
-
secreting more water
-
secreting more plasma
Pregunta 62
Pregunta
breathing with the head inside a plastic bag can lead to
Respuesta
-
respitory acidosis
-
metabolic alkalosis
Pregunta 63
Pregunta
excessive intake of antacids can lead to
Respuesta
-
metabolic alkalosis
-
respitory acidosis
Pregunta 64
Pregunta
chronic vomiting can lead to
Respuesta
-
metabolic alkalosis
-
repiratory acidosis
Pregunta 65
Pregunta
emphysema can lead to
Respuesta
-
metabolic alkalosis
-
repiratory acidosis
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