Test
Self & Identity
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Preguntas del test (88)
1Which of the following argued that there is nothing beyond us other than our physical selves? As in, there is only the physical us and nothing more.
This is known as the bundle theory.- AHume
- BReid
- CLocke
- DShaftesbury
- EJames
- FMcDougall
- GWatson
2Which of the following argued that we perceive ourselves through others? As in, the conceptualisation of ourselves comes from what we think others see us as, and not from our own selves.
This is known as the ego theory.- ACooley
- BHume
- CReid
- DLocke
- EShaftesbury
3"[blank_start]Self-schemata[blank_end] are cognitive generalisations about the self, derived from past experience, that organise and guide the processing of self-related information contained in an individual's experience." (Markus, 1977)
- ASelf-schemata
- BCognitions
- CAttributions
- DIdeologies
- ESocial representations
4Which of the following best describes this theory:
"... is the idea that our ideas and self-representations are fluid and open to changing at any given time, and are adaptable to certain social contexts. They can become active or salient at any time during interactions.- ADynamic self-concept
- BCovariation model
- CConfiguration model
- DRational choice theory
- EInternal attribution bias
5Which of the following argued that there is another one of us, metaphysically, and are more than just physical elements?
- AReid
- BLocke
- CShaftesbury
- DWatson
- EGergen
- FJames
6Schematic information is easier to process than aschematic information (Druian & Catrambone, 1986).
True or false?- AVerdadero
- BFalso
7What are the motivations that Dittmar, Long and Bond (2007) investigated when looking at consumer behaviour?
- AIdentity and emotional
- BRational and irrational
- CInternal and external
- DHappiness and sadness
- EJustified and unjustified
8Which of the following best describes symbolic interactionism?
- AThe meaning that people attribute to objects in social interaction
- BThe meaning that people attribute to themselves in social interaction
- CThe manifestation of self with semantic meaning in social interaction
- DAll of the above
- ENone of the above
9Who argued that the Dynamic Self-Concept is not diverse enough because it does not account for the different ways in which people perceive themselves?
- AMarks and Kitayama (1991)
- BWatts and Stenner (2013)
- CWong and Goodwin (2009)
- DDuval and Wicklud (1972)
- ESedikides and Green (2000)
10One research suggested that an individual's inward focus leads to heightened self-awareness and discrepancies between themselves and evaluative standards. This often leads to a negative affective state.
Who are they?- ADuval and Wicklund (1972)
- BSedikides and Green (2000)
- CHiggins (1987)
- DMarkus and Kitayama (1991)
- EWatts and Stenner (2013)
11A positive affective state will often have traits of an outward focus (expansive, explorative, and affiliative orientation with the outside world). However, a negative affective state will have an inward focus (avoidance orientation to the outside world). This is the correlation of affective state as a determiner of attentional focus.
Who said this?- ADuval and Wicklund (1972)
- BSedikides and Green (2000)
- CHiggins (1987)
- DOnorato and Turner (2004)
12Higgins (1987) suggested that actual-ought discrepancies lead to [blank_start]social anxiety[blank_end], whilst actual-ideal discrepancies lead to [blank_start]depression[blank_end].
- Asocial anxiety
- Bself-schemata
- Cinternal attribution
- Davoidance
- Edepression
- Fphysical illness
- Ganorexia
- Hbulimia
- Ischizophrenia
13One research suggested that a negative affective state leads to poor behavioural self-regulation (e.g. bad hygiene, unhealthy eating, loneliness), whilst a positive affective state leads to good behavioural self-regulation (e.g. good hygiene, healthy eating, positive outlook).
Who said this?- ADuval and Wicklund (1972)
- BWatts and Stenner (2013)
- CBaumeister (et al., 2005)
- DHiggins (1987)
- ESedikides and Green (2000)
14Brown (1973) found that factory workers would prefer a lower weekly salary if it ensured a positive differential (i.e. that the group had a higher salary) compared to another group of workers in the same factory.
Brown argued that this is because of a desire to positively distinguish themselves from other groups. Is this true or false?- AVerdadero
- BFalso
15According to Drury and Reicher (1999), a person's social identity can change their behaviour, as well as social interactions with groups can change their social identities. Is this true or false?
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
16According to Sampson (1988, 1993), there are three types of individualism.
[blank_start]Self-contained individualism[blank_end] is a predominantly Western ideology that stresses separation from others, and near total independence.
[blank_start]Ensembled individualism[blank_end] is a largely non-Western ideology about the individual that is interconnected with others (e.g. relationships, society) that cannot be readily separated from others. They are not mutually exclusive.
The [blank_start]dialogic self[blank_end] suggests that the construction of an individual is within social dialogue with other individuals. Meanwhile, the [blank_start]relational self[blank_end] refers to the relation with others and is also interconnected in terms of both society and relationships.- ASelf-contained individualism
- BSelf-referred individualism
- CSelf-obtained individualism
- DIndividualism
- EEnsembled individualism
- FRelational individualism
- GDiscursive individualism
- HAttributional individualism
- ICovariant individualism
- Jdialogic self
- Kunderstood self
- Lwider self
- Mconversational self
- Ncovariant self
- Orelational self
- Punrelational self
- Qself-contained self
- Rindividual self
- Scontinental self
17"Becuase we believe in self-contained individuals who think, feel, weigh evidence and values, and act accordingly, we also inherit a handy way of understanding bad action - weirdness, crime, harassment, bigotry and so on.
"In all cases we are led to suspect a fault in the internal functioning of the individual. Individuals cause problems and individuals must be repaired - through therapy, education imprisonment, and so on."
Who said this?- AGergen
- BSampson
- CSmail
- DPrilleltensky
- ELocke
- FShaftesbury
18Which are the two identities that refer to how individuals have a solid, stable identity and one that is fluid and ever-changing depending on the interactions a person has?
- ACore and self-identity
- BRational and irrational identity
- CPositive and negative identity
- DSelf-contained and ensembled identity
- ENone of the above
19"Our social selves is partly predicated on how others see us in different social situations, and not totally dependent on us"
Who said this?- AMead
- BLocke
- CGergen
- DTajfel
- ESmail
20According to Tajfel (1979) and the Social Identity Theory, when part of a group of collective of individuals with similar backgrounds to ourselves, we develop a sense of belonging to a particular identity.
We also exaggerate our own identity and status as well as others (e.g. "England is the best country to live in," "Italy is the worst"), which then forms in-groups, us and those like us, and out-groups, almost everyone else. We discriminate the out-group to enhance our own.
This connects with discrimination (e.g. sexism, racism) and prejudice between cultures. Is this true or false?- AVerdadero
- BFalso
21"Inter-group" means...
- ABetween two (or more) groups
- BBetween members of one group
- CNeither
22Sherif (1954, 1958, 1961) argued that intergroup hostility occurs when:
- AAttempting to establish the "best" social identity
- BCompeting for limited resources
- CTrying to dissolve the other group
- DExaggerating one's own in-group
- EAll of the above
- FNone of the above
23Internal attribution is when we assign:
- AThe cause of behaviours to internal factors (within our, or that person's, control)
- BThe cause of behaviours to external factors (not within our, or that person's, control)
- CThe cause of behaviours to both internal and external factors
- DNone of the above
24External attribution is when we assign:
- AThe cause of behaviour to internal characteristics (within our, or that person's, control)
- BThe cause of behaviour to external factors (outside of, or that person's, control
- CThe cause of behaviour to societal factors only
- DThe cause of behaviour to our metaphysical self
- ENone of the above
25The Covariation Model (Kelley, 1967) explains how individuals assign particular actions or behaviours to either internal (a person's characteristics) or external (the environment) control.
Low factors are predicated on internal attribution, and high on external. What are the three critiera that people use?- AConsensus, distinctiveness, consistency
- BConsensus, discourse, consistency
- CCovariance, distinctiveness, consensus
- DAll of the above
- ENone of the above
26According to Kelley's (1967) Covariation Model, we fall on past experience and look for:
- AMultiple sufficient and necessary causes
- BMultiple rational and irrational causes
- CMultiple emotional and identical causes
- DMultiple individualistic and existential causes
- ENone of the above
27According to Kuhn and McPartland (1954) in the "Twenty Statements Test", which part of us is as socially defined as it is introspectively knowable?
- ASelf
- BExternal self
28According to Epstein (1973), a major function of self-theory is to do what to positive experiences?
- AOptimise them
- BIncentivise them
- CDysregulate them
29Self-schema refers to:
- AIssues and topics that are either relevant, or irrelevant to our self-schema
- BA collection of ideas that a person holds about themselves
30Self-schema refers to:
- AA collection of ideas that a person holds about themselves
- BA collection of issues and topics that are relevant, or otherwise, to our self-schemas
31Categorisation refers to:
- AHow we think about people in terms of groups and categories
- BHow we think about people in terms of their individual selves
32We are ________ on dimensions that are important in defining who we are, and we are ________ in dimensions that are not important to who we are
- ASchematic and aschematic
- BSelf-identified and non-identified
33According to Markus and Sentis (1982, cited in Fiske & Taylor, 1991), would you be faster or slower to respond to self-descriptors if they were schematic (related) to you?
- AYes, you would be
- BNo, you would not be
34According to Markus and Wurf (1987), do "people tend to judge others on dimensions that are personally important to themselves"? For example, a person who values financial security will judge others on how they handle their income.
- AYes
- BNo
35A working self-concept refers to:
- ACurrently active or salient self-concepts that are selectively-based
- BA large pool of self-concepts that are either always active or salient
36An affective state is:
- AA person's emotional state at a given time
- BA person's emotional state in the past or previously
- CA person's emotional state gearing towards the future
37Synonymous with self-concept, _____-________ refers to the way in which an individual construes (or thinks about) themselves.
- ASelf-construal
- BSelf-constructivist
- CSelf-thought
38The more that a person adopts an interdependent view of self, do they more or less the view themselves in relation to others?
- AThey view themselves more in relation to others
- BThey view themselves less in relation to others
39The more that a person adopts an independent view of self, do they more or less view themselves to be internally attributed?
- AMore internally attributed
- BLess internally attributed
40According to Markus and Kitayama (1991), ________ ________ will differ depending on whether an independent or interdependent construal self is at work.
- AAffective state
- BAffective response
- CAffective decision
41According to Vignoles, Chryssochoou, and Breakwell (2004), should we presume such homogenised understandings of self within any one culture?
- AYes, we should
- BNo, we should not
42Onorato and Turner (2004) argued against the idea of a working self-concept. This is because they believe that self is not always thought about in personal terms. Instead, they believe in:
- AFluid transitioning between personal and self-identities
- BRigid and hierarchical structures of personal and self-identities
43Social comparison refers to:
- AComparisons made between one's self and others
- BComparisons made between one's own internal attributions and their external attributions
44According to Sedikides (1993), is asking oneself questions a good way to understand themselves?
- AYes, it is
- BNo, it's not
45According to Tesser (1988) and the self-evaluation maintenance model, can we increase our self-esteem by observing others?
- AYes, we can
- BNo, we cannot
46According to Tesser (1988), if we compare ourselves to others that are talented in the abilities we are sure about, this will:
- APositively affect our self-esteem
- BNegatively affect our self-esteem
47According to Tesser (1988), if we compare ourselves to others in abilities that are not important to us, this:
- AWill certainly affect our self-esteem
- BThis will not affect our self-esteem
48Can we counterbalance against possible negative effects of self-esteem? For example, by exaggerating the ability of a successful target, changing comparison, distancing ourselves, or devaluing them (Tesser, 1988)?
- AYes, we can
- BNo, we cannot
49In response to the Tesser (1988) model, Stapel and Blanton (2004) argued that:
- ANot all comaprisons are conscious and deliberate
- BAll comparisons are conscious and deliberate
50Blanton and Stapel (2008) followed on from their work to evaluate the Tesser (1988) model. They found that:
- AIt does not always require contrasting, but can also involve unconscious assimilation
- BIt always requires contrasting, whether it is conscious or otherwise
51Did Blanton and Stapel argue that our responses could be unconscious and spontaneous, rather than deliberate?
- AYes
- BNo
52Self-regulation refers to:
- AThe way in which we regulate ourselves
- BThe way in which we regulate others
53Wirtz (et al., 2006) developed on the Bauermeister (et al., 2005) study to suggest that those with hypertension have what type of self-regulation?
- AHigher self-regulation
- BLower self-regulation
54Bauermeister (et al., 2005) found that participants exposed to 'social exclusion' did what?
- ADid not consume "healthy, but bad-tasting beverages", ate more cookies, quit sooner on a frustrating task and performed less well on an attention-related task
- BWere better able to consume "healthy, but bad-tasting beverages", ate less cookies, had more resolve, and performed better on attention-related tasks
55Does the Dittmar (et al., 2007) model suggest that materialistic value orientation can give rise to compulsive shopping?
- AYes, it can
- BNo, it cannot
56According to the Dittmar, Long and Bond (2007) research, does the ownership and acquisition of materialistic goods help to achieve major life goals?
- AYes
- BNo
57Ideal self refers to:
- AWhat people are right now when they are most content
- BWhat people want to be, ideally
58Can individuals believe that by acquiring materialistic value for their ideal selves will help them improve their social image? Will it form a strong identity motivation?
- AYes
- BNo
59Tajfel (1969) and the research into minimal groups looked at what?
- AHow participants appeared to think of themselves - as well as act - in terms so group membership
- BHow participants appeared to think of themselves outside of the individual they are
60Social identity refers to:
- AOur sense of selves as being a member of groups
- BOur sense of selves as being a member of our individual selves
61Across a series of experiments, Tajfel (1970) found that participants made choices that did or did not show concern about there being a difference between the groups?
- ADid make choices that differentiated the two groups
- BDid not make decisions that differentiated between the two groups
62An ingroup is:
- AWhere we belong
- BWhere others belong
63An outgroup is:
- AWhere we belong
- BWhere others belong
64Is the theory by Turner (et al., 1987) more general or specific than the self-categorisation theory?
- AMore general
- BMore specific
65According to Onorato and Turner (2004), can people switch from personal identities to social identities? For example, a person boarding a train may have an active personal identity. However, if that same train was then boarded by football supporters of a rival team, their social identity may replace their personal one instead.
- AYes, they can
- BNo, they cannot
66According to Hinkle and Brown (1990), as well as support from Mummendey, Klink, and Brown (2001) in response to the social identity theory, are ingroup-outgroup attitudes in behaviours that influence comparisons relational?
- AYes, they are context dependent
- BNo, they remain constant
67According to Baumeister (1987), has historical research on self become more recent or has it been around for a lot longer?
- ARecent
- BA lot longer
68According to Gergen (2009) are our selves and identities more social than we might readily acknowledge?
- AYes
- BNo
69According to Gergen (2009), does our philosophy of self shape the way in which we make sense of the other(s)?
- AYes
- BNo
70Individualist perspectives refer to:
- AThe understanding of self individually
- BThe understanding of self socially
71According to Goffman (1959), the presentation of self in everyday life is:
- AMelancholic
- BDramaturgical, theatrical, and staged
72According to the elaborated social identity model (Drury & Reicher, 1999), can social identities change and become even more radicalised when in group or crowd situations against outgroups?
- AYes
- BNo
73Membership category devices (MCDs) are:
- AWhat people use to do interactionally relevant work
- BWhat people use to define others
74Interactionally relevant work refers to:
- AThings done by talk (eg, accounting, blaming, exonerating) that are relevant
- BThings not done by talk, that are unmotivated by conscious processes
75An epistemic identity is:
- AAn identity relevant to a knowledge state about a given target
- BAn identity relevant to a knowledge state about one self
76Adjacency pairs are:
- ATurns of talk that respond to one another (eg, "Do you have the time?" "Yes, it's half past three")
- BTurns of talk that go against responding to another person
77According to Raymond and Heritage (2006), can our talk assert, or otherwise make relevant, our epistemically consequential identities?
- AYes, they can
- BNo, they cannot
78According to Foucault (1978, 1985, 1986) suggested in his work, a subject is:
- ANot themselves, but tied to their own sense as well as subjected to others
- BThemselves and the captains of their own ships
79Discursive formations are:
- ACultural and historical constructions of our social world
- BDiscursive formations of our reality
80According to Sacks (1992), categories are:
- AInevitable
- BConsequential
81According to Sacks (1992), are formulations of talk relative to our moral implications and our identity?
- AYes
- BNo
82Are different categories possible for a single person? For example, a female could also be a "mother", "cousin", "niece" or "wife".
- AYes
- BNo
83According to the consistency rule (Sacks, 1992), if a person is categorised by a certain MCD, then:
- AThe same can be used to categorised for the next person
- BThe same cannot be used for the next person
84When is the consistency rule (Sacks, 1992) violated?
- AWhen someone is sarcastic
- BWhen someone does not respond
85According to category-bound activities (CBAs), are certain activities bound to certain categories? Are these relative to the consistency rule where they can be violated?
- AYes
- BNo
86According to Foucault (1979, 1985, 1986), do labels of people ascribe certain identities?
- AYes, they do
- BNo, they do not
87According to Foucault (1979, 1985, 1986), do the various selves that we inhabit or occupy vary dependent on sociohistoric contexts?
- AYes, they do
- BNo, they do not
88According to Foucault (1979, 1985, 1986), are we influenced by moral codes (eg, moral codes are the ways in which individuals constitute themselves)?
- AYes
- BNo
Información
- Descripción
- (Finished ) social saved Test sobre Self & Identity, creado por murat sertay el 15/08/2016.
- Autor
- murat sertay
- Idioma
- English
- Visitas
- 5
- Etiquetas
- Valoración
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