9024765
Descripción
Test por Grace Fawcitt, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por Grace Fawcitt
hace alrededor de 7 años
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Pregunta 1
Pregunta
Aim: a general [blank_start]statement[blank_end] of what the researcher intends to investigate- the [blank_start]purpose[blank_end] of the study. Hypothesis: a [blank_start]testable[blank_end] statement that states the relationship between the [blank_start]variables[blank_end] being investigated.
Respuesta
-
statement
-
conclusion
-
idea
-
purpose
-
outcome
-
conclusion
-
testable
-
untestable
-
variables
-
beliefs
-
data
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
A directional hypothesis: states what kind of difference there will be between the [blank_start]variables[blank_end]. They often include words like 'more' or 'less' e.g. People who drink caffeine will be more intelligent than people who don't. A non-directional hypothesis: simply states that there will be a difference, but not the [blank_start]type[blank_end] e.g. People who drink more caffeine will differ in terms of intelligence when compared to people who don't drink caffeine.
Respuesta
-
variables
-
outcomes
-
researchers
-
conclusions
-
type
-
outcome
-
conclusion
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
Researchers usually use directional hypotheses when previous research suggests no particular outcome. When previous research suggests a particular outcome, they'd use a non-directional hypothesis.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
In an experiment, the researcher manipulates the [blank_start]independent[blank_end] variable and records the effect of this change on the [blank_start]dependent[blank_end] variable.
Respuesta
-
independent
-
dependent
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Levels of the IV: the [blank_start]control[blank_end] condition (e.g. No caffeine/ drink of water), the [blank_start]experimental[blank_end] condition (caffeine). An effective directional hypothesis should distinguish between the IV and DV e.g. The group who drink caffeine will be more intelligent than the group who drink water. The only issue with this hypothesis is that it doesn't include the [blank_start]operationalisation[blank_end] of the variables (explained in other question)
Respuesta
-
control
-
experimental
-
operationalisation
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Operationalisation of variables includes ensuring the variables being investigated are [blank_start]measurable[blank_end] and therefore unfuzzy, e.g. Participants who drink 200ml of coffee in one hour can answer 5 more questions in a 20 minute period than participants who drink 200ml of water in one hour.
Respuesta
-
measurable
-
immeasurable
-
subjective
-
confounding
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Extraneous variables: any variable other than the [blank_start]IV[blank_end] which may have an effect on the [blank_start]DV[blank_end]. They [blank_start]do not vary[blank_end] systematically with the IV. Confounding variables: any variable other than the [blank_start]IV[blank_end] which may have affected the [blank_start]DV[blank_end] so we are unsure of the true source of the changes to the DV. They [blank_start]vary[blank_end] systematically with the IV.
Respuesta
-
IV
-
DV
-
CV
-
DV
-
IV
-
CV
-
do not vary
-
vary
-
IV
-
EV
-
DV
-
DV
-
IV
-
EV
-
vary
-
do not vary
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Demand characteristics: in which the participant guesses the [blank_start]aim[blank_end] of a study, and then acts accordingly e.g. As they believe they are [blank_start]expected[blank_end] to behave, or try to over-perform to [blank_start]please[blank_end] the researcher.
Respuesta
-
aim
-
outcome
-
conclusion
-
expected
-
not expected
-
please
-
irritate
-
obey
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Investigator effects: how the [blank_start]researcher[blank_end]'s behaviour influences a participant's behaviour e.g. Smiling at certain participants but not others. It can also refer to the [blank_start]actions[blank_end] of the researcher related to the study design e.g. Selection of participants, the materials, the instructions etc. [blank_start]Leading[blank_end] questions are also an example of investigator effects
Respuesta
-
researcher
-
participant
-
general public
-
expected
-
actions
-
beliefs
-
opinions
-
Leading
-
Open
-
Closed
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
Which technique is used to minimise the effects of extraneous/confounding variables on an outcome?
Respuesta
-
Operationalisation
-
Randomisation
-
Demand characteristics
-
Leading questions
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
[blank_start]Randomisation[blank_end] refers to the use of [blank_start]chance[blank_end] wherever possible during an experiment to reduce investigator effects. For example, if participants must recall word from a list, the list should be randomly generated- the position is not chosen by the experimenter.
Respuesta
-
Randomisation
-
Operationalisation
-
chance
-
objectivity
-
rigid structure
-
researcher involvement
-
participant involvement
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Standardisation: all participants must have [blank_start]the same[blank_end] environment, information and experience. This includes standardised [blank_start]instructions[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
the same
-
a different
-
a similar
-
instructions
-
beliefs
-
ideas
-
outcomes
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Experimental Design: 1. [blank_start]Independent[blank_end] groups: [blank_start]two[blank_end] separate groups, one group does control condition, other does experimental condition. Results are compared. 2. [blank_start]Repeated[blank_end] measures: [blank_start]one group[blank_end], does both the control condition and the experimental condition. Results are compared. 3. Matched pairs: choosing one group, then choosing another to [blank_start]match[blank_end] participants in the first group (e.g. Based on IQ, culture etc.) One group does control condition, other does experimental condition. Results are compared.
Respuesta
-
Independent
-
Repeated
-
Matched
-
two
-
three
-
Repeated
-
Independent
-
Matched
-
one group
-
two groups
-
match
-
contrast
-
compete against
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
Name two advantages of the independent group design
Respuesta
-
Order effects are not a problem
-
Participants less likely to guess aims
-
Cost- effective
-
Lack of participant variables
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
Name two disadvantages of the independent groups design
Respuesta
-
Quite expensive
-
Participant variables
-
Order effects
-
Easy to guess aims
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
Name two advantages of the repeated measures design
Respuesta
-
Fewer participant variables
-
Cheaper
-
Fewer order effects
-
No demand characteristics
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Name two disadvantages of the repeated measures design
Respuesta
-
Order effects
-
Demand characteristics
-
Expensive
-
Participant variables
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
Name two advantages of the matched pairs design
Respuesta
-
No order effects
-
Fewer demand characteristics
-
Cheaper and faster
-
No participant variables
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
Name two disadvantages of the matched pairs design
Respuesta
-
Some participant variables
-
More expensive and time consuming
-
Order effects
-
Demand characteristics
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
[blank_start]Random[blank_end] allocation: allocating participants randomly to the conditions. This should evenly distribute participant characteristics (e.g. Names in a hat). [blank_start]Counter[blank_end]-balancing: half participants take part in condition A then B, the other half do B then A. This helps control [blank_start]order[blank_end] effect, although it doesn't remove them entirely.
Respuesta
-
Random
-
Counter
-
order
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
Lab experiment: takes place in a [blank_start]controlled[blank_end] environment in which the [blank_start]researcher[blank_end] manipulates the [blank_start]IV[blank_end], while maintaining [blank_start]strict control [blank_end]of the extraneous variables.
Respuesta
-
controlled
-
natural
-
abnormal
-
researcher
-
environment
-
IV
-
DV
-
CV
-
PV
-
EV
-
strict control
-
moderate control
-
no control
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
Field experiment: takes place in a [blank_start]natural[blank_end] setting in which the [blank_start]researcher[blank_end] manipulates the IV.
Respuesta
-
natural
-
lab
-
outdoor
-
field
-
controlled
-
researcher
-
environment
-
general public
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
Natural experiment: takes place in a [blank_start]natural[blank_end] setting in which the change in the IV [blank_start]is not[blank_end] brought about by the [blank_start]researcher[blank_end], but would occurred anyway.
Respuesta
-
natural
-
lab
-
controlled
-
well-populated
-
is not
-
is
-
researcher
-
environment
-
general public
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Quasi experiment: there is [blank_start]no manipulation [blank_end]of the IV, it exists anyway (e.g. Age or gender)
Respuesta
-
no manipulation
-
manipulation
-
minimal manipulation
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
Name three advantages of lab experiments
Respuesta
-
Control over variables
-
Easily replicable
-
High internal validity
-
Easy to generalise
-
High external validity
-
No demand characteristics
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Name four disadvantages of lab experiments
Respuesta
-
Low external validity
-
Low internal validity
-
Too artificial
-
Difficult to generalise
-
Demand characteristics
-
Participant variables more likely
-
Lack of control
-
Difficult to replicate
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Name two advantages of field experiments
Respuesta
-
More natural environment
-
More controlled environment
-
High external validity
-
High internal validity
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Name two disadvantages of field experiments
Respuesta
-
Ethical issues- no consent
-
Lack of control
-
Too artificial
-
Low external validity
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
Name two advantages of natural experiments
Respuesta
-
High external validity
-
High internal validity
-
Provide opportunities that are normally impossible
-
Easy to generalise
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
Name two disadvantages of natural experiments
Respuesta
-
Difficult to generalise
-
Can't randomly allocate
-
Low external validity
-
Too artificial
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
Name an advantage of quasi experiments
Respuesta
-
Carried out in controlled conditions
-
Carried out in natural environment
-
Easy to identify cause and effect
-
Few confounding variables
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Name a disadvantage of quasi experiments
Respuesta
-
Cannot randomly allocate
-
Lack of control
-
Difficult to replicate
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
The target population: a [blank_start]subset[blank_end] of general population e.g. Male students for Idaho. The sample: a small group that is ideally representative of the [blank_start]target[blank_end] population.
Respuesta
-
subset
-
type
-
sample
-
target
-
general
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Random sampling: [blank_start]all[blank_end] members of target population [blank_start]have equal[blank_end] chance of being selected. Each person is added to a list and then given a number, and the sample is generated via a [blank_start]computer[blank_end] (e.g. Computer-based randomiser)
Respuesta
-
all
-
most
-
some
-
half of the
-
have equal
-
haven't got an equal
-
computer
-
researcher
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
Systematic sampling: every [blank_start]nth[blank_end] person is selected e.g. Every 5th pupil on a school register. A sampling frame (alphabetised list of target population) is produced and every nth person is selected.
Respuesta
-
nth
-
single
-
other
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
Stratified sampling: the sample reflects the proportions of people in particular sub-groups ([blank_start]strata[blank_end]). The researcher calculates what percentage each strata is of the [blank_start]target population[blank_end] (e.g. 40% female) and then participants are [blank_start]randomly[blank_end] sampled accordingly. With reference to the example above, if you were to have 20 participants, 8 would need to be female in order to be representative.
Respuesta
-
strata
-
omega
-
gamma
-
stratifiers
-
general population
-
world
-
randomly
-
systematically
-
target population
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
Opportunity sampling: selecting anyone who is [blank_start]willing[blank_end] and able to participate.
Respuesta
-
willing
-
unwilling
-
randomly sampled
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Volunteer sampling: involves the researcher advertising the study, and participants selecting [blank_start]themselves[blank_end] to take part (volunteer)z
Respuesta
-
themselves
-
others
-
the researcher
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
Name and advantage of random sampling
Respuesta
-
Free from researcher bias
-
Quick and easy to do
-
Very representative
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
Name three disadvantages of random sampling
Respuesta
-
Difficult and time consuming
-
Sample can still be unrepresentative
-
Participants can refuse to take part
-
Researcher bias can affect sample
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
Name two advantages of systematic sampling
Respuesta
-
Avoids researcher bias
-
Quite representative
-
Entirely representative
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
Name two advantages of stratified sampling
Respuesta
-
Avoids researcher bias
-
Representative sample
-
Strata identifies all ways people are different
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
Name a disadvantage of stratified sampling
Respuesta
-
Complete representation impossible
-
Not representative
-
Researcher bias
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
Name an advantage of opportunity sampling
Respuesta
-
Convenient
-
Representative
-
Avoids researcher bias
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
Name two disadvantages of opportunity sampling
Respuesta
-
Researcher bias
-
Unrepresentative
-
Inconvenient
-
Expensive+ time consuming
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
Name an advantage of volunteer sampling
Respuesta
-
Easy+ quick
-
Representative
-
Easy to generalise
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
Name a disadvantage of volunteer sampling
Respuesta
-
Volunteer bias
-
Researcher bias
-
Time consuming
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
Informed consent: making participants aware of the [blank_start]aims[blank_end], procedures, their [blank_start]rights[blank_end] and the use of the data. It can make a study seem [blank_start]unnatural[blank_end] if the participant knows the aims.
Respuesta
-
aims
-
beliefs
-
researcher's name
-
rights
-
lack of rights
-
unnatural
-
more natural
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
Deception: [blank_start]deliberately[blank_end] misleading or withholding information. This means participants can't [blank_start]give informed consent[blank_end]. It can be justified if it means participants' behaviour is more [blank_start]natural[blank_end] and they are not suffering.
Respuesta
-
deliberately
-
accidentally
-
give informed consent
-
behave naturally
-
interact adequately
-
natural
-
artificial
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
Protection from [blank_start]harm[blank_end]: participants should not suffer any form of harm during the experiment. The harm can be psychological e.g. Feeling embarrassed, guilty or inadequate.
Respuesta
-
harm
-
help
-
researcher
-
public
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
Privacy: [blank_start]participants[blank_end] control information about themselves. Confidentiality: this involves the right to have our [blank_start]personal[blank_end] data protected.
Respuesta
-
participants
-
researchers
-
the general public
-
personal
-
medical
-
educational
-
public
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
To deal with informed consent, researchers should send a consent [blank_start]letter[blank_end], and only go ahead when this is signed.
Respuesta
-
letter
-
demand
-
order
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
Dealing with protection from harm and deception: [blank_start]debriefing[blank_end] can be used to ensure the participants know the aims and [blank_start]details[blank_end] of the study. It should also reassure participants that they have the right to [blank_start]withhold[blank_end] information, and that they can be provided counselling if necessary.
Respuesta
-
debriefing
-
standardisation
-
operationalisation
-
sampling
-
details
-
problems
-
withhold
-
enclose all
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
Dealing with confidentiality: this often done by referring to participants by [blank_start]numbers[blank_end] or [blank_start]initials[blank_end]. They are also reminded during debriefing that their data will be protected throughout.
Respuesta
-
numbers
-
first names
-
last names
-
initials
-
code names
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
A pilot study is a small-scale version of the actual investigation.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
Pilot studies often use [blank_start]fewer[blank_end] participants, and are utilised to test if the [blank_start]investigation[blank_end] runs smoothly. This also involves identifying any [blank_start]issues[blank_end] so they can be modified in order to save time and money in the future.
Respuesta
-
fewer
-
more
-
male
-
female
-
investigation
-
aim
-
hypothesis
-
issues
-
positives
-
participants
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
Single blind trial: only [blank_start]researcher[blank_end] knows aim, controls [blank_start]demand characteristics[blank_end]. Double blind trial: both researcher and participant [blank_start]don't know [blank_end]aim, preventing demand characteristics and [blank_start]investigator effects[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
researcher
-
participant
-
demand characteristics
-
participant variables
-
order effects
-
researcher bias
-
don't know
-
know
-
investigator effects
-
participant variables
-
order effects
Pregunta 58
Pregunta
Control group: group of participants whose purpose is for [blank_start]comparison[blank_end]. The experiment group tests the effects of changing the IV, and this is compared to results from the control group.
Respuesta
-
comparison
-
proof
-
results
-
highlighting change in DV
Pregunta 59
Pregunta
Naturalistic observation: watching and recording behaviour in the setting in which it would [blank_start]normally[blank_end] be performed. Controlled observation: watching and recording behaviour within a [blank_start]structured[blank_end] environment e.g. In which some variables are managed
Respuesta
-
normally
-
not normally
-
never
-
structured
-
natural
Pregunta 60
Pregunta
Covert observation: participants' behaviour is recorded and watched [blank_start]without[blank_end] their knowledge or consent. Overt observation: participants' behaviour is recorded and watched [blank_start]with[blank_end] their knowledge and consent
Respuesta
-
without
-
with
-
with
-
without
Pregunta 61
Pregunta
Participant observation: researcher [blank_start]becomes[blank_end] member of group whose behaviour he/she is recording. Non-participant observation: researcher [blank_start]doesn't become [blank_end]a member of group whose behaviour he/she is recording.
Respuesta
-
becomes
-
doesn't become
-
doesn't become
-
becomes
Pregunta 62
Pregunta
Naturalistic observations have high [blank_start]external[blank_end] validity as findings [blank_start]can[blank_end] be generalised to everyday life. Lack of control decreases [blank_start]replicability[blank_end] and extraneous variables could also be present. Controlled observations [blank_start]can't[blank_end] be easily generalised, but extraneous variables are [blank_start]less[blank_end] common so replication is [blank_start]easier[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
external
-
internal
-
can
-
can't
-
replicability
-
generalisability
-
can't
-
can
-
less
-
more
-
easier
-
harder
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