Test
Research Methods Quiz- Psychology (AS)
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Preguntas del test (62)
1Aim: a general [blank_start]statement[blank_end] of what the researcher intends to investigate- the [blank_start]purpose[blank_end] of the study. Hypothesis: a [blank_start]testable[blank_end] statement that states the relationship between the [blank_start]variables[blank_end] being investigated.
- Astatement
- Bconclusion
- Cidea
- Dpurpose
- Eoutcome
- Fconclusion
- Gtestable
- Huntestable
- Ivariables
- Jbeliefs
- Kdata
2A directional hypothesis: states what kind of difference there will be between the [blank_start]variables[blank_end]. They often include words like 'more' or 'less' e.g. People who drink caffeine will be more intelligent than people who don't. A non-directional hypothesis: simply states that there will be a difference, but not the [blank_start]type[blank_end] e.g. People who drink more caffeine will differ in terms of intelligence when compared to people who don't drink caffeine.
- Avariables
- Boutcomes
- Cresearchers
- Dconclusions
- Etype
- Foutcome
- Gconclusion
3Researchers usually use directional hypotheses when previous research suggests no particular outcome. When previous research suggests a particular outcome, they'd use a non-directional hypothesis.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
4In an experiment, the researcher manipulates the [blank_start]independent[blank_end] variable and records the effect of this change on the [blank_start]dependent[blank_end] variable.
- Aindependent
- Bdependent
5Levels of the IV: the [blank_start]control[blank_end] condition (e.g. No caffeine/ drink of water), the [blank_start]experimental[blank_end] condition (caffeine). An effective directional hypothesis should distinguish between the IV and DV e.g. The group who drink caffeine will be more intelligent than the group who drink water. The only issue with this hypothesis is that it doesn't include the [blank_start]operationalisation[blank_end] of the variables (explained in other question)
- Acontrol
- Bexperimental
- Coperationalisation
6Operationalisation of variables includes ensuring the variables being investigated are [blank_start]measurable[blank_end] and therefore unfuzzy, e.g. Participants who drink 200ml of coffee in one hour can answer 5 more questions in a 20 minute period than participants who drink 200ml of water in one hour.
- Ameasurable
- Bimmeasurable
- Csubjective
- Dconfounding
7Extraneous variables: any variable other than the [blank_start]IV[blank_end] which may have an effect on the [blank_start]DV[blank_end]. They [blank_start]do not vary[blank_end] systematically with the IV. Confounding variables: any variable other than the [blank_start]IV[blank_end] which may have affected the [blank_start]DV[blank_end] so we are unsure of the true source of the changes to the DV. They [blank_start]vary[blank_end] systematically with the IV.
- AIV
- BDV
- CCV
- DDV
- EIV
- FCV
- Gdo not vary
- Hvary
- IIV
- JEV
- KDV
- LDV
- MIV
- NEV
- Ovary
- Pdo not vary
8Demand characteristics: in which the participant guesses the [blank_start]aim[blank_end] of a study, and then acts accordingly e.g. As they believe they are [blank_start]expected[blank_end] to behave, or try to over-perform to [blank_start]please[blank_end] the researcher.
- Aaim
- Boutcome
- Cconclusion
- Dexpected
- Enot expected
- Fplease
- Girritate
- Hobey
9Investigator effects: how the [blank_start]researcher[blank_end]'s behaviour influences a participant's behaviour e.g. Smiling at certain participants but not others. It can also refer to the [blank_start]actions[blank_end] of the researcher related to the study design e.g. Selection of participants, the materials, the instructions etc. [blank_start]Leading[blank_end] questions are also an example of investigator effects
- Aresearcher
- Bparticipant
- Cgeneral public
- Dexpected
- Eactions
- Fbeliefs
- Gopinions
- HLeading
- IOpen
- JClosed
10Which technique is used to minimise the effects of extraneous/confounding variables on an outcome?
- AOperationalisation
- BRandomisation
- CDemand characteristics
- DLeading questions
11[blank_start]Randomisation[blank_end] refers to the use of [blank_start]chance[blank_end] wherever possible during an experiment to reduce investigator effects. For example, if participants must recall word from a list, the list should be randomly generated- the position is not chosen by the experimenter.
- ARandomisation
- BOperationalisation
- Cchance
- Dobjectivity
- Erigid structure
- Fresearcher involvement
- Gparticipant involvement
12Standardisation: all participants must have [blank_start]the same[blank_end] environment, information and experience. This includes standardised [blank_start]instructions[blank_end].
- Athe same
- Ba different
- Ca similar
- Dinstructions
- Ebeliefs
- Fideas
- Goutcomes
13Experimental Design: 1. [blank_start]Independent[blank_end] groups: [blank_start]two[blank_end] separate groups, one group does control condition, other does experimental condition. Results are compared. 2. [blank_start]Repeated[blank_end] measures: [blank_start]one group[blank_end], does both the control condition and the experimental condition. Results are compared. 3. Matched pairs: choosing one group, then choosing another to [blank_start]match[blank_end] participants in the first group (e.g. Based on IQ, culture etc.) One group does control condition, other does experimental condition. Results are compared.
- AIndependent
- BRepeated
- CMatched
- Dtwo
- Ethree
- FRepeated
- GIndependent
- HMatched
- Ione group
- Jtwo groups
- Kmatch
- Lcontrast
- Mcompete against
14Name two advantages of the independent group design
- AOrder effects are not a problem
- BParticipants less likely to guess aims
- CCost- effective
- DLack of participant variables
15Name two disadvantages of the independent groups design
- AQuite expensive
- BParticipant variables
- COrder effects
- DEasy to guess aims
16Name two advantages of the repeated measures design
- AFewer participant variables
- BCheaper
- CFewer order effects
- DNo demand characteristics
17Name two disadvantages of the repeated measures design
- AOrder effects
- BDemand characteristics
- CExpensive
- DParticipant variables
18Name two advantages of the matched pairs design
- ANo order effects
- BFewer demand characteristics
- CCheaper and faster
- DNo participant variables
19Name two disadvantages of the matched pairs design
- ASome participant variables
- BMore expensive and time consuming
- COrder effects
- DDemand characteristics
20[blank_start]Random[blank_end] allocation: allocating participants randomly to the conditions. This should evenly distribute participant characteristics (e.g. Names in a hat). [blank_start]Counter[blank_end]-balancing: half participants take part in condition A then B, the other half do B then A. This helps control [blank_start]order[blank_end] effect, although it doesn't remove them entirely.
- ARandom
- BCounter
- Corder
21Lab experiment: takes place in a [blank_start]controlled[blank_end] environment in which the [blank_start]researcher[blank_end] manipulates the [blank_start]IV[blank_end], while maintaining [blank_start]strict control [blank_end]of the extraneous variables.
- Acontrolled
- Bnatural
- Cabnormal
- Dresearcher
- Eenvironment
- FIV
- GDV
- HCV
- IPV
- JEV
- Kstrict control
- Lmoderate control
- Mno control
22Field experiment: takes place in a [blank_start]natural[blank_end] setting in which the [blank_start]researcher[blank_end] manipulates the IV.
- Anatural
- Blab
- Coutdoor
- Dfield
- Econtrolled
- Fresearcher
- Genvironment
- Hgeneral public
23Natural experiment: takes place in a [blank_start]natural[blank_end] setting in which the change in the IV [blank_start]is not[blank_end] brought about by the [blank_start]researcher[blank_end], but would occurred anyway.
- Anatural
- Blab
- Ccontrolled
- Dwell-populated
- Eis not
- Fis
- Gresearcher
- Henvironment
- Igeneral public
24Quasi experiment: there is [blank_start]no manipulation [blank_end]of the IV, it exists anyway (e.g. Age or gender)
- Ano manipulation
- Bmanipulation
- Cminimal manipulation
25Name three advantages of lab experiments
- AControl over variables
- BEasily replicable
- CHigh internal validity
- DEasy to generalise
- EHigh external validity
- FNo demand characteristics
26Name four disadvantages of lab experiments
- ALow external validity
- BLow internal validity
- CToo artificial
- DDifficult to generalise
- EDemand characteristics
- FParticipant variables more likely
- GLack of control
- HDifficult to replicate
27Name two advantages of field experiments
- AMore natural environment
- BMore controlled environment
- CHigh external validity
- DHigh internal validity
28Name two disadvantages of field experiments
- AEthical issues- no consent
- BLack of control
- CToo artificial
- DLow external validity
29Name two advantages of natural experiments
- AHigh external validity
- BHigh internal validity
- CProvide opportunities that are normally impossible
- DEasy to generalise
30Name two disadvantages of natural experiments
- ADifficult to generalise
- BCan't randomly allocate
- CLow external validity
- DToo artificial
31Name an advantage of quasi experiments
- ACarried out in controlled conditions
- BCarried out in natural environment
- CEasy to identify cause and effect
- DFew confounding variables
32Name a disadvantage of quasi experiments
- ACannot randomly allocate
- BLack of control
- CDifficult to replicate
33The target population: a [blank_start]subset[blank_end] of general population e.g. Male students for Idaho. The sample: a small group that is ideally representative of the [blank_start]target[blank_end] population.
- Asubset
- Btype
- Csample
- Dtarget
- Egeneral
34Random sampling: [blank_start]all[blank_end] members of target population [blank_start]have equal[blank_end] chance of being selected. Each person is added to a list and then given a number, and the sample is generated via a [blank_start]computer[blank_end] (e.g. Computer-based randomiser)
- Aall
- Bmost
- Csome
- Dhalf of the
- Ehave equal
- Fhaven't got an equal
- Gcomputer
- Hresearcher
35Systematic sampling: every [blank_start]nth[blank_end] person is selected e.g. Every 5th pupil on a school register. A sampling frame (alphabetised list of target population) is produced and every nth person is selected.
- Anth
- Bsingle
- Cother
36Stratified sampling: the sample reflects the proportions of people in particular sub-groups ([blank_start]strata[blank_end]). The researcher calculates what percentage each strata is of the [blank_start]target population[blank_end] (e.g. 40% female) and then participants are [blank_start]randomly[blank_end] sampled accordingly. With reference to the example above, if you were to have 20 participants, 8 would need to be female in order to be representative.
- Astrata
- Bomega
- Cgamma
- Dstratifiers
- Egeneral population
- Fworld
- Grandomly
- Hsystematically
- Itarget population
37Opportunity sampling: selecting anyone who is [blank_start]willing[blank_end] and able to participate.
- Awilling
- Bunwilling
- Crandomly sampled
38Volunteer sampling: involves the researcher advertising the study, and participants selecting [blank_start]themselves[blank_end] to take part (volunteer)z
- Athemselves
- Bothers
- Cthe researcher
39Name and advantage of random sampling
- AFree from researcher bias
- BQuick and easy to do
- CVery representative
40Name three disadvantages of random sampling
- ADifficult and time consuming
- BSample can still be unrepresentative
- CParticipants can refuse to take part
- DResearcher bias can affect sample
41Name two advantages of systematic sampling
- AAvoids researcher bias
- BQuite representative
- CEntirely representative
42Name two advantages of stratified sampling
- AAvoids researcher bias
- BRepresentative sample
- CStrata identifies all ways people are different
43Name a disadvantage of stratified sampling
- AComplete representation impossible
- BNot representative
- CResearcher bias
44Name an advantage of opportunity sampling
- AConvenient
- BRepresentative
- CAvoids researcher bias
45Name two disadvantages of opportunity sampling
- AResearcher bias
- BUnrepresentative
- CInconvenient
- DExpensive+ time consuming
46Name an advantage of volunteer sampling
- AEasy+ quick
- BRepresentative
- CEasy to generalise
47Name a disadvantage of volunteer sampling
- AVolunteer bias
- BResearcher bias
- CTime consuming
48Informed consent: making participants aware of the [blank_start]aims[blank_end], procedures, their [blank_start]rights[blank_end] and the use of the data. It can make a study seem [blank_start]unnatural[blank_end] if the participant knows the aims.
- Aaims
- Bbeliefs
- Cresearcher's name
- Drights
- Elack of rights
- Funnatural
- Gmore natural
49Deception: [blank_start]deliberately[blank_end] misleading or withholding information. This means participants can't [blank_start]give informed consent[blank_end]. It can be justified if it means participants' behaviour is more [blank_start]natural[blank_end] and they are not suffering.
- Adeliberately
- Baccidentally
- Cgive informed consent
- Dbehave naturally
- Einteract adequately
- Fnatural
- Gartificial
50Protection from [blank_start]harm[blank_end]: participants should not suffer any form of harm during the experiment. The harm can be psychological e.g. Feeling embarrassed, guilty or inadequate.
- Aharm
- Bhelp
- Cresearcher
- Dpublic
51Privacy: [blank_start]participants[blank_end] control information about themselves. Confidentiality: this involves the right to have our [blank_start]personal[blank_end] data protected.
- Aparticipants
- Bresearchers
- Cthe general public
- Dpersonal
- Emedical
- Feducational
- Gpublic
52To deal with informed consent, researchers should send a consent [blank_start]letter[blank_end], and only go ahead when this is signed.
- Aletter
- Bdemand
- Corder
53Dealing with protection from harm and deception: [blank_start]debriefing[blank_end] can be used to ensure the participants know the aims and [blank_start]details[blank_end] of the study. It should also reassure participants that they have the right to [blank_start]withhold[blank_end] information, and that they can be provided counselling if necessary.
- Adebriefing
- Bstandardisation
- Coperationalisation
- Dsampling
- Edetails
- Fproblems
- Gwithhold
- Henclose all
54Dealing with confidentiality: this often done by referring to participants by [blank_start]numbers[blank_end] or [blank_start]initials[blank_end]. They are also reminded during debriefing that their data will be protected throughout.
- Anumbers
- Bfirst names
- Clast names
- Dinitials
- Ecode names
55A pilot study is a small-scale version of the actual investigation.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
56Pilot studies often use [blank_start]fewer[blank_end] participants, and are utilised to test if the [blank_start]investigation[blank_end] runs smoothly. This also involves identifying any [blank_start]issues[blank_end] so they can be modified in order to save time and money in the future.
- Afewer
- Bmore
- Cmale
- Dfemale
- Einvestigation
- Faim
- Ghypothesis
- Hissues
- Ipositives
- Jparticipants
57Single blind trial: only [blank_start]researcher[blank_end] knows aim, controls [blank_start]demand characteristics[blank_end]. Double blind trial: both researcher and participant [blank_start]don't know [blank_end]aim, preventing demand characteristics and [blank_start]investigator effects[blank_end].
- Aresearcher
- Bparticipant
- Cdemand characteristics
- Dparticipant variables
- Eorder effects
- Fresearcher bias
- Gdon't know
- Hknow
- Iinvestigator effects
- Jparticipant variables
- Korder effects
58Control group: group of participants whose purpose is for [blank_start]comparison[blank_end]. The experiment group tests the effects of changing the IV, and this is compared to results from the control group.
- Acomparison
- Bproof
- Cresults
- Dhighlighting change in DV
59Naturalistic observation: watching and recording behaviour in the setting in which it would [blank_start]normally[blank_end] be performed. Controlled observation: watching and recording behaviour within a [blank_start]structured[blank_end] environment e.g. In which some variables are managed
- Anormally
- Bnot normally
- Cnever
- Dstructured
- Enatural
60Covert observation: participants' behaviour is recorded and watched [blank_start]without[blank_end] their knowledge or consent. Overt observation: participants' behaviour is recorded and watched [blank_start]with[blank_end] their knowledge and consent
- Awithout
- Bwith
- Cwith
- Dwithout
61Participant observation: researcher [blank_start]becomes[blank_end] member of group whose behaviour he/she is recording. Non-participant observation: researcher [blank_start]doesn't become [blank_end]a member of group whose behaviour he/she is recording.
- Abecomes
- Bdoesn't become
- Cdoesn't become
- Dbecomes
62Naturalistic observations have high [blank_start]external[blank_end] validity as findings [blank_start]can[blank_end] be generalised to everyday life. Lack of control decreases [blank_start]replicability[blank_end] and extraneous variables could also be present. Controlled observations [blank_start]can't[blank_end] be easily generalised, but extraneous variables are [blank_start]less[blank_end] common so replication is [blank_start]easier[blank_end]
- Aexternal
- Binternal
- Ccan
- Dcan't
- Ereplicability
- Fgeneralisability
- Gcan't
- Hcan
- Iless
- Jmore
- Keasier
- Lharder
Información
- Descripción
- AQA Psychology Research Methods quiz for AS. Covers all topics in the AQA Psychology textbook, including researchers, evaluations and theories. Made for my own benefit, so not all questions will help you out, but feel free to use.
- Autor
- Grace Fawcitt
- Idioma
- English
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