Chapter 10

Chapter 10. Leaders and Leadership

Leadership: "process by which a person exerts influence over other people and inspires, motivates, and directs their activities to help achieve group or organizational goals."

Leader: person who exerts that influence.

Power

Legitimate

Reward

Coercive

Expert

Referent

- Position in an organization’s hierarchy.

- Excercise influenced by personal leadership style.

- "Ability of a manager to give or withhold tangible rewards (pay raises, bonuses, choice job assignments) and intangible rewards (verbal praise, a pat on the back, respect)"

- Ability of a manager to punish others.

- Verbal reprimands, reductions in pay or working hours to actual dismissal.

- Special knowledge, skills, and expertise that a leader possesses.

- Comes from respect, admiration, and loyalty

Models

Trait Model

Behavior Model

Personal characteristics that cause effective leadership: intelligence, knowledge, dominance, self-confidence, high energy, stress tolerance, integrity, maturity.

Consideration: Leaders show trust, respect, and care about their subordinates.

Initiating structure: Leaders ensure that work gets done by assigning tasks, letting know what is expected, scheduling, etc

Contingency Models

Fiedler’s contingency model

House’s path–goal theory

Leader substitutes model

- Relates the 2 leader styles with 3 situational characteristics.

. 4 kinds of leader- ship behaviors that motivate subordinates: directive, supportive, participative and achievement-orientated.

Describes when leadership is unnecessary.

Transformational leadership

Transformational managers are charismatic, intellectually stimulate subordinates and engage in developmental consideration

Transactional leadership

Subordinates have increased awareness on the importance of their job, on their own needs of growth and development and they work for the good of the organization.

"When managers reward high performers, reprimand or oth- erwise punish low performers, and motivate subordinates by reinforcing desired behaviors and extinguishing or punishing undesired ones"