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Middle East Notes
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- 1Peel CommisionIn response to the 1936 General Strike, the British set up a Royal Commision to investigate the causes of the unrest. Led by Earl Peel, the commission reported in 1937 that: "The Underlying causes of the disturbances are the desire of the Arabs for national independence and their hatred and fear of the establishment of the Jewish national home" Peel went on to say that Palestine should be divided into an Arab state and a Jewish state, with the British keeping control of the area around Jerusalem
- 2Arab Rebellion 1937-39Outraged by the Peel Report, as it suggested half the land go to the Jews even they only owned 5 percent of the land. The palestinians blew up bridges roads, railways and telephone wires. They ambushed army patrols and murdered british officials , policemen and soldiers.
- 3The Haganah and The IrgunHebrew for "the defence", the Haganah was the British's response to the Arab Rebellion. Britain helped train the Jewish Military force in Palestine to fight against the Arabs. The Haganah and the British created a trained armed force of 14,000 men called the Jewish Settlement Police. They also in 1938 created Special Night Squads that made guerrilla attacks on Palestinian Rebels
- 41939 White PaperA white paper is a government statement of policy and in 1939 Britain released a White Paper that stated that Jewish immigration would be limited to 75,000 over the next five years. After the next 5 years, no more immigration would be allowed WITHOUT Arab consent. After Ten Years Palestine would become an Independent state shared equally by Jews and Arabs. This pleased and reassured the Arabs, but the Jews were furious. This was happening as the Threat of Nazi power was increasing in Europe. Jews reacted violently, The Irgun (National Military Organisation) shot Arabs and planted bombs. This was the start of a possible Jewish Revolt
- 5WWIIWhilst the Jews hated Britain's Immigration Policy, They hated the Nazis more. So In 1939 when Britain declared war on Germany, 30,000 Jews in Palestine joined the British Army. David Ben Gurion, head of the Jewish agency responsible for Jewish immigration into Palestine said "We Shall fight for Britain as if there is no White Paper. We Shall fight the White Paper as if there is no war"
- 6Jewish Resistance during WWIIThe Jews smuggled other Jews into Palestine by boat as they could avoid immigration authorities. However, on occasions, the British stopped the ships and sent them back to where they came from, Even if that was Nazi-Occupied areas.
- 7Military Action.The Lehi (Fighters for the freedom of Israel) saw Britain as a worse enemy than Germany and used terror tactics agains them. Even after their leader , Abraham Stern was shot, they continued to terrorize the British. They Killed Minister of State in Cairo, Lord Moyne. The Irgun also used terror attacks against the British, blowing up government offices and killing British soldiers
- 8HolocaustAuschwitz, Chelmno,Sobibor, Maidenek, Belzec and Treblinka.
1943 1.500,000 had been killed
6,000,000 1945 Jews dead
1946 President Truman asked 100,000 jews be let into Palestine at once.
Britain fixed the limit at 1500 a month
July 1946 they destroyed king David hotel - 9Liberation WarOn the night of Israel's independance, 15 May 1948 Egypt, Lebanon, TransJordan, Iraq and Syria invaded palestine. THeir aim was to help the Palestine Arabs fight the Jewish state of Israel. Within three weeks the Syrians and the Iraqis had driven deep into Israel. A third of Israel was in their hands. However, the Arabs could not follow up on this early advances. THey ahd an army of 20,000 men fighting 65,000 Israelis. They Had no unified commands and lacked modern weaponry.
- 10Israeli ActionIsraelis transported Czech Weapons (24500 rifles, 5000 machine guns, 54 million rounds of ammunition and 25 fighter aircraft) to Israel so when the UN Truce, that started on 11 June 1948, ended they were able to fight back. They took the town of Galilee and a large part of central Palestine before another UN truce. the second truce lasted until 15 October when Israel attacked the Egyptians and swept them out of the Negev Desert. At the end of October, the Lebanese were driven back into Lebanon.
- 11Palestine Catastrophe.In 1948, 1 million Palestinians left or were forced to leave their home. Most went to Transjordan and the Gaza Strip. The remainder went to Syria and Lebanon where they settled in refugee camps. The reason for this exodus is disputed but it has been made clear that Israelis embarked on ethnic Cleansing under operation Dalet or operation D. The entire town of Deir Yassin was butchered by the Irgun. This involved poison gas, chemical weapons, gunfire and bombings.
- 12Changes in Arab WorldWithin 10 years of the Israeli Victory over the Arab Nations, nearly all of the Arab governments of the middle east were overthrown using violence. In Egypt, the prime minister was assassinated in December 1948. In Syria, a number of miltary takeovers took palce in 1949. In 1950 the Lebanese prime minister was assasinated.
- 13Superpower involvementWhilst the US strongly backed the Israelis
- 14Egypt and NasserEgypt's new president Colonel Gamel Abdel Nasser wass
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- IGCSE (Middle East) History and Culture Fichas sobre Middle East Notes, creado por William (Will) SINGER el 29/11/2017.
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