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Terms for final exam

M O Inglés 200 fichas

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  1. 1Etiologystudy of the cause of disease
  2. 2Pathogenesishow a disease develops
  3. 3Idiopathicdisease with no known cause
  4. 4Iatrogenicdisease caused through medical treatment
  5. 5Remissionperiod when there is a decrease in severity of the disease
  6. 6Exacerbationaggravation of severity of disease
  7. 7Atrophydecrease in size
  8. 8Hypertrophyincrease in size
  9. 9Hyperplasiaincrease in the number of cells
  10. 10Metaplasiachange in cell type
  11. 11Dysplasiaabnormal change in size, shape and organization of mature cells
  12. 12Hypoxialack of sufficient O2 delivery to tissues
  13. 13Ischemiareduced blood supply to cells in one area
  14. 14Reactive oxygen speciesvery reactive chemicals that have O2
  15. 15Coagulative necrosisdeath of a group of cells caused by hypoxia leading to protein denaturation
  16. 16Liquefactive necrosisdeath to a group of cells caused by ischemic injury leading to cells releasing hydrolytic enzymes that digest tissue
  17. 17Caseous necrosiscombination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis where tissues looks soft and granular
  18. 18Dry gangrenecaused by coagulative necrosis where skin becomes dry, wrinkled and dark
  19. 19Wet gangrenecaused by liquefactive necrosis where skin becomes cold, swollen and black
  20. 20Dry gangrenecaused by infection by Clostridium spp. which destroys connective tissue and form bubbles of gas
  21. 21Apoptosisprogrammed single cell death without inflammation
  22. 22Acute inflammationrelatively short inflammation, has exudate, WBC present are mainly neutrophils
  23. 23Chronic inflammationlong duration, has fibrosis instead of exudate, WBC present are mainly lymphocytes and macrophages
  24. 24Mast cellMost important cellular activator of the inflammatory response that reside in tissue and synthesize and release compounds active in the inflammatory response
  25. 25Complement systemCascade reactions that activate proteins already in the blood that 1) kill pathogens directly 2) intensify reactions of the inflammatory response
  26. 26Histamine1st chemicals to be released during acute inflammation which increases vascular dilation and permeability
  27. 27ProstaglandinsInduces vasodilation and bronchoconstriction
  28. 28LeukotrienesInduces smooth muscle contraction, constricts pulmonary airways and increase microvascular permeability
  29. 29CytokinesProteins produced by many cell types that allows cells to communicate with each other and produce an effective inflammatory response
  30. 30Chemokinestype of cytokine that functions mainly to induce WBC chemotaxis
  31. 31Serous exudatefluid that moves from the vessels into tissues, containing cellular debris with a low protein content
  32. 32Fibrinous exudatefluid that moves from vessels into tissues, containing cellular debris with more protein; sticky
  33. 33Purulent exudatefluid that moves from the vessels into tissues, containing cellular debris with neutrophils, protein and tissue debris
  34. 34Hemorrhagic exudatefluid that moves from the vessels into tissues, containing cellular debris with large amount of RBC
  35. 35Shift to leftincrease in concentration of immature neutrophils in the blood
  36. 36Chemotaxismovement of cells along a chemical gradient
  37. 37Granulomatous inflammationa 2 mm lesion in granulomatous inflammation that is a mass of macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes
  38. 38Regenerationinjured tissues are returned to almost original structure and function
  39. 39Replacementreplacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue
  40. 40Labile cellscells that continually divide
  41. 41Stable cellscells that stop dividing when growth ceases, but can regenerate if stimulated
  42. 42Fixed cellscells that cannot regenerate and are replaced by scar tissue
  43. 43Granulation tissue(contains blood vessels, fibroblasts and collage) grows in from healthy connective tissue at the edges of the wound which is red, delicate and easily broken down by microbes or stress
  44. 44Healing by primary intentionoccurs with a clean incision and does not require much sealing or shrinkage
  45. 45Healing by secondary intentiongreater loss tissue and contamination which needs sealing, filling in and contraction = larger scar
  46. 46Adhesionsfibrous bands of tissue that attach to internal organs
  47. 47Keloid scarexcessive collagen that extends beyond wound boundaries
  48. 48Contractureexcessive contraction of wound that causes deformity and restricted movement
  49. 49Dehiscencewound disruption in a sutured wound where the wound is pulled apart along the suture line
  50. 50Fistulaabnormal passageway between 2 structures that does not normally exist - through disease or surgery
  51. 51Stricturesnarrowing of passageway
  52. 52Hypersensitivityaltered immunological response to an antigen that results in disease or damage to the person
  53. 53Autoimmune responsebreakdown of immunotolerance (state of immunological control where a person does not make a detrimental immune response against their own cells and tissues)
  54. 54Alloimmune responseimmune response to antigens not found in recipient's body, but found in members of the same species
  55. 55Type I hypersensitivityaltered immune response to an Ag that results in damage to tissues and inflammation caused by the release of histamine from IgE-linked mast cells
  56. 56Type II hypersensitivityinvolves Ab reacting to Ag fixed to the surface of specific various body cells or tissues that results in damage to local tissue
  57. 57Type III hypersensitivityinvolves formation of Ab-Ag complexes in circulation then deposited on/in random cell surfaces/tissues, producing an inflammatory reaction which damages local tissue
  58. 58Type IV hypersensitivityinvolves type 1 helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells or macrophages and is therefore cell-mediated (Ab are not involved)
  59. 59Anaphylaxismost severe systemic allergic reaction usually due to Type I mechanism
  60. 60Immunotolerancestate of immunological control where a person does not make a detrimental immune response against their own cells and tissues
  61. 61Hyperacute rejectiona pattern of tissue rejection that occurs immediately due to preexisting recipient Ab to to the donor Ag (Type III)
  62. 62Acute rejectiona pattern of tissue rejection that occurs within days to months after the transplant (Type IV)
  63. 63Chronic rejectiona pattern of tissue rejection that occurs after months to years (weak type IV hypersensitivity)
  64. 64Graft vs. Host diseasewhen the transplanted tissue contains components of the donor's immune system that recognize the recipient's tissue as foreign and attack it = recipient cannot fight back because they are immunocompromised
  65. 65Immunodeficiencyfailure of the immune system to function normally which increases risk of infection
  66. 66AllergenAg involved in allergic response
  67. 67Pruritussymptom of itching
  68. 68Urticarialocalized pruritic skin disruption characterized by wheals and hives (red bumps and swelling)
  69. 69Neoplasmnew and abnormal growth of tissue that loses 1) cell proliferation 2) cell differentiation
  70. 70Cell differentiationcells acquiring the characteristics of the tissue that they make up
  71. 71Benign tumortissue that cannot control proliferation, but has a slow growth rate, resembles tissue of origin and does not invade beyond capsule or metastasize
  72. 72Malignant tumortissue with rapid growth rate, no capsule, can invade local tissue and metastasize
  73. 73Carcinomamalignant tutor that comes from epithelial tissue
  74. 74Sarcomamalignant tutor that comes from mesenchymal tissue
  75. 75Anaplasialoss of cell differentiation
  76. 76Metastasisspread of cancer cells from the original site to distant organs and tissue
  77. 77Carcinoma in situgrowth with malignant characteristics in epithelial tissue that has not yet invaded local tissue 1) difficult to decide how to treat 2) can remain stable for a long time/become malignant/or regress 3) can occur in breast, cervix, skin or stomach
  78. 78Telomeraseenzyme that increases the length of telomeres (non-coding sections of DNA at both ends of a chromosome that get shorter with each cell division) which allows cells to divide indefinitely
  79. 79Proto-oncogenenormal gene that codes for proteins that cause the cell to divide
  80. 80Tumour-suppressor genesrecessive gene that codes for proteins that slow the rate of cell division or stop it when the cell is damaged
  81. 81Tumour markerAg expressed on the surface of tumour cells or substances released from normal cells in response to the presence of tumours
  82. 82Papanicolaou test ("Pap" test)Examination of the secretions in an area (e.g., cervical, pleural) to reveal any abnormal cells
  83. 83Grading (of cancer)classification of a tumour based on cellular characteristics
  84. 84Staging (of cancer)classification of a tumour based on the size and spread of the tumour
  85. 85Paraneoplastic syndromesymptoms triggered by a cancer, but not caused by the direct local effects of the tumour mass
  86. 86Cachexialoss of body mass due to metabolic disturbances caused by a disease. Cannot be reversed nutritionally
  87. 87Induction therapychemotherapy used alone
  88. 88Adjuvant therapychemotherapy given after surgery to eliminate any small metastasized tumours
  89. 89Neoadjuvant therapychemotherapy given before surgery to decrease the size of a tumour to minimize removal of normal tissue
  90. 90Anemiadecrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
  91. 91Pernicious anemiadecreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood brought about through decrease in RBC numbers due to loss of intrinsic factor production in the stomach, thus decreasing absorption of Vitamin B12
  92. 92Microcytic-hypochromicRBC with smaller than normal size and less than normal amount of hemoglobin
  93. 93Iron deficieny anemiadecreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood due to lower than normal amounts of RBC containing less than normal hemoglobin due to low body content of iron
  94. 94Normocytic-normochromicRBC of normal size and containing normal amount of hemoglobin
  95. 95Polycythemiamore than normal amount of RBC in the blood
  96. 96Neutrophiliagreater than the normal amount of neutrophils in the blood ("shift to the left")
  97. 97Neutropenialess than the normal amount of neutrophils in the blood
  98. 98Agranulocytosis ("granulocytopenia")extremely low counts of granulocytes in the blood
  99. 99Lymphocytosismore than the normal amount of lymphocytes in the blood
  100. 100Lymphocytopenialess than the normal amount of lymphocytes in the blood
  101. 101Infectious mononucleosisa viral disease that attacks B cells in the pharynx and local lymph nodes, caused by Epstein-Barr virus
  102. 102Pancytopeniamalignant growth of blood cell forming organ (bone marrow)
  103. 103Acute leukemiarapid growth of very immature blood cells (blasts)
  104. 104Chronic leukemiaslow growth of more mature (differentiated) cells which do not function normally
  105. 105Thrombocytopeniafewer than normal number of platelets
  106. 106Petechiaesmall red spot (<3mm) caused by minor bleeding into the skin
  107. 107Purpurasmall red spot (3-10mm) caused by minor bleeding into the skin
  108. 108Thrombocythemiamore than the normal number of platelets in the blood
  109. 109DIC ("disseminated intravascular coagulation")syndrome involving widespread production of small clots throughout vascular system ~ may lead to bleeding
  110. 110Atherosclerosisfibrous fatty lesions that form in large and medium sized arteries resulting in reduced flow rate causing ischemia to supplied organ or tissue
  111. 111Hypertensionconsistent elevation of systemic arterial BP (140/90)
  112. 112Preeclampsiacondition occurring during pregnancy that has three parts to it: hypertension, proteinuria, and one other adverse condition (e.g., new headache, visual disturbances, etc.)
  113. 113Orthostatic (postural) hypotensiona specific decrease in blood pressure within 3 min of moving to a standing position
  114. 114Aneurismlocal outpouching of vessel or heart chamber wall, most commonly caused by atherosclerosis and hypertension
  115. 115Varicose veinsveins in which blood has pooled due to failure of vein valves, producing distended, tortuous, and palpable vessels
  116. 116CVI ("chronic venous insufficiency")inadequate venous return from an area over a long period of time, leading to impaired tissue nutrition and edema
  117. 117DVT ("deep venous thrombosis")development of thrombus in an inner vein, usually of the lower leg and may lead to pulmonary embolism
  118. 118Acute coronary syndromeany condition brought about by sudden reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, ranging from unstable angina to STEMI
  119. 119Chronic ischemic heart diseasea disease characterized by ischemia of the heart muscle, usually due to coronary artery disease
  120. 120Unstable anginaa
  121. 121STEMImyodcardial infarction of entire thickness of heart muscle wall that exhibits an S-T segment elevation of an ECG
  122. 122Non-STEMImyocardial infarction of subendocardial portion of heart muscle wall that does not exhibit an S-T segment elevation of an ECG
  123. 123Cardiac biomakersenzymes normally contained within heart muscle cells that are released upon necrosis of the cells ~ indicative of myocardial infarction
  124. 124Stable angina pectorischest pain caused by transient myocardial ischemia not severe enough to cause necrosis, ischemia is caused by narrowing of coronary artery such that blood flow cannot supply a temporary increased demand of the heart muscle
  125. 125Cardiomyopathydiverse group of diseases that affect the myocardium
  126. 126Stenosisnarrowing of the valve opening, causing turbulent flow and enlargement of the emptying chamber
  127. 127Incompetent (regurgitant) valvea valve that does not close properly and permits backflow of blood into the vessel/chamber that it just left
  128. 128Disrhythmias/Arrhythmiaschange in the normal rhythm of the heart beat
  129. 129Ventricular fibrillationtotal lack of coordination of contraction of ventricles ~ just quiver and are ineffective in ejecting blood, lethal within minutes (unless stopped)
  130. 130Heart blockdelay between the P wave and QRS wave due to delayed or stopped conduction at the AV node or bundle of His
  131. 131Heart failurewhen heart is unable to generate an adequate cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
  132. 132Preloadvolume of blood that must be pumped out of the left ventricle = volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end diastole
  133. 133Frank-Starling law of the heartthe greater the stretch of the heart muscle (up to a maximum value) = the greater the force of contraction
  134. 134Afterloadresistance of the heart must work against to pump blood out of the left ventricle (reflected by peripheral vascular resistance)
  135. 135Inotropythe ability of the heart muscle to contract, independent of preload and afterload
  136. 136Systolic heart failureimpaired contractility of the heart, resulting in a decrease in cardiac output, causing pulmonary or peripheral edema
  137. 137Diastolic heart failurea decrease in cardiac output caused by decrease filling of the left ventricle during diastole
  138. 138Congestive heart failurea failure of the heart to supply sufficient cardiac output to the systemic circulation (also known as left heart failure)
  139. 139Right heart failureinability of the right ventricle to move deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation to pulmonary circulation
  140. 140Cor pulmonalewhen right heart failure occurs independently of left heart failure in response to pulmonary disease
  141. 141Cardiogenic shockenough blood volume, but decreased cardiac output due to decreased contractility, increased preload and after load
  142. 142Hypovolemic shocknot enough blood volume due to loss of blood, plasma or interstitial fluid in large amounts
  143. 143Distributive shockresult of massive vasodilation due to the amount of space containing the blood has increased, resulting in a decrease in BP below that required to drive nutrients across capillary membranes to the cells
  144. 144Neurogenic shockresult of massive vasodilation due to overstimulation of the PNS and under stimulation of SNS
  145. 145Anaphylactic shockresults from widespread hypersensitivity reaction known as anaphylaxis
  146. 146Septic shockvasodilatory shock because the microbe releases toxins that stimulate an overwhelming inflammatory response and/or there is an overwhelming inflammatory response to the microbe
  147. 147Obstructive shockresults from mechanical obstruction of blood flow through the central circulation usually due to pulmonary embolism
  148. 148Dyspneadiscomfort in breathing ("shortness of breath")
  149. 149Orthopneadyspnea upon lying down
  150. 150PND ("paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea")awaking at night with dyspnea
  151. 151Hemoptysiscoughing up of blood
  152. 152Cyanosisbluish discolouration of skin and mucous membranes due to increased deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood
  153. 153Clubbingselective bulbous enlargement at the end of a digit
  154. 154Hypercapnia/Hypercarbiaincreased CO2 in the arterial blood
  155. 155Hypoxemiareduced oxygenation of arterial blood
  156. 156Hypoxiareduced oxygenation of tissues
  157. 157V/Q ratiobalance between alveolar ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q)
  158. 158Physiological right to left shunta case where the alveolar ventilation is so low, there is no gas exchange, just as occurs in an anatomical right to left shunt in the heart
  159. 159Flail chestchest wall moves in with inspiration and out with expiration = paradoxic movement
  160. 160Pneumothoraxpresence of air in the pleural space caused by a rupture in the visceral or parietal pleura
  161. 161Pleural effusionpresence of excess fluid in the pleural space
  162. 162Empyemainfected pleural effusion
  163. 163Atelectasiscollapse of lung tissue
  164. 164Pulmonary embolismocclusion of a portion of the pulmonary vascular bed by an embolus
  165. 165Pulmonary hypertensionelevated mean pulmonary artery pressure
  166. 166Cor pulmonaleright heart failure brought about through lung disease or chronic pulmonary hypertension
  167. 167COPDlung disease characterized by difficulty in expiration – refers to emphysema and chronic bronchitis
  168. 168Air trappingabnormal retention of air in the lungs, usually seen with obstructive lung diseases
  169. 169Chronic bronchitishypersecretion of mucous and chronic productive cough for at least 3 months of the year, for at least 2 consecutive years
  170. 170Emphysemacharacterized by a loss of lung elasticityand abnormal enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, with destruction of the alveolar walls and capillaries
  171. 171Pink pufferthere is initially little hypoxemia (increased breathing can keep up with oxygen demand until late stages of the disease) but use is often made of the classic tripod breathing position, with lips pursed to increase lung pressure during exhalation, in an attempt to keep breathing passages open)
  172. 172Blue bloaterhypoxemia and edema, caused by eventual right heart failure
  173. 173ARDS(more severe aspect of ALI) both involve acute lung inflammation and injury to the alveolocapillary membrane, leading to severe pulmonary edema and hypoxemia
  174. 174Acute respiratory failureinadequate gas exchange, leading to 1) lower PaO2, 2) higher PaCO2and 3) pH <7.30
  175. 175Hypoxemic respiratory failureinadequate gas exchange, leading to 1) lower PaO2, 2) higher PaCO2and 3) pH <7.30 due to failure of gas exchange between the lungs
  176. 176Hypercapnia/hypoxemic respiratory failurenadequate gas exchange, leading to 1) lower PaO2, 2) higher PaCO2and 3) pH <7.30 due to failure of ventilation
  177. 177Croupinfection of trachea and larynx in children, characterized by inspiratory stridor, hoarseness and a barking cough
  178. 178Stridorhigh pitched wheezing tone usually produced during inspiration
  179. 179Retractionindentations of skin around ribs and sternum, showing use of accessory muscles of respiration
  180. 180GERD ("Gastroesophageal reflux disease")chronic regurgitation of stomach contents into esophagus that results in inflammation of the esophagus caused by weak lower esophageal sphincter
  181. 181Dyspepsiapainful digestion, with possible feelings of bloating, nausea and heartburn
  182. 182Peptic ulcerbreak in the protective mucosal lining of the lower esophagus, stomach or duodenum, caused in part by by infection with H. pylori and/or chronic use of NSAIDs
  183. 183Melenablack, tarry, foul smelling stools due to the presence of digested blood
  184. 184Hematemesisvomiting up of blood, either bright red (fresh blood) or “coffee ground-like” (slightly digested)
  185. 185Ulcerative colitisa chronic inflammatory disease characterized by ulceration of the mucosa, usually in the rectum and sigmoid colon
  186. 186Tenesmusurge to defecate even if colon is empty
  187. 187Toxic megacolonan abrupt increase in the diameter of the colon that could rupture
  188. 188Crohn's diseasea chronic inflammatory disease characterized by granulomatous inflammation of the entire intestinal wall width ~ occurs in both large and small intestine, often occurring in patches (“skip lesions”)
  189. 189Celiac diseasea chronic inflammatory disease caused by an autoimmune reaction initiated by an abnormal immune response to gliadin which destroys the mucosa of the small intestine, causing malabsorption
  190. 190Portal hypertensionabnormally high blood pressure in the hepatic portal venous system
  191. 191Ascitesaccumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity; can be caused by portal hypertension or loss of blood proteins
  192. 192Esophageal varicesdistorted and palpable veins within the esophageal wall
  193. 193Caput medusavarices within the abdominal wall, caused by hepatic portal hypertension
  194. 194Hepatic encephalopathydecrease in liver function leads to alterations in neural function brought about through interaction of nervous tissue with neurotoxins that are normally cleared from the blood by the liver
  195. 195Asterixisflapping motion of the hands caused by the inability of the liver to clear neurotoxins that then have an effect on the nervous system
  196. 196Icterus ("Jaundice")yellowing of the sclera and skin caused by abnormally high amounts of bilirubin in the bloodstream
  197. 197Cirrhosisan irreversible inflammatory, fibrotic liver disorder, caused by direct damage and inflammation from many other causes (e.g., chronic alcoholism)
  198. 198Epistaxisnose bleeds
  199. 199Cholelithiasisformation of gallstones
  200. 200Cholecystitisinflammation of the gall bladder, often caused by the formation of gallstones

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Fichas sobre Terms for final exam , creado por M O el 09/12/2017.
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