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Untitled_6
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- 1Recency EffectDescribes superior recall of items at the end of a list
- 2Episodic BufferA sub-system of working memory that enables the different components of working memory to interact with LTM
-assumed to hold about 4 chunks of info & can hold info in any form - 3Example of Baddeley & Hitch's Model Of Working Memory (how the 4 components interact).Working out the fasted route to get to a friends house using a street directory
.You use the phonological loop to sub-vocally rehearse the directions to keep the info active in the loop
.You use the visuo-spatial sketchpad to visualise a possible route
.Your central executive would direct the episodic buffer to combine the auditory info from the phonological loop and the visual from the visuo-spatial sketchpad
.Info retrieved from LTM, such as landmarks you may come across, will also be added - 4Retrieval CuesWe retrieve info from LTM using retrieval cues. The retrieval of info can be intentional (trying to remember your prep teachers name) or unintentional (hearing a song that brings back memories of a special time)
When info is unable to be retrieved it is because of poor organisation of the info during encoding & storage
-info is stored semantically - 5Types of LTMProcedual Memory &
Declarative Memory
-Declarative Memory is split into Episodic & Semantic Memory - 6Procedural Memory (Implicit Memory)The memory of actions and skills that have been learned previously & involves knowing 'how to do something.'
- 7Declarative Memory (Explicit Memory)The memory of specific facts or events that can be brought into conscious awareness and explicitly stated or declared
-intentional retrieval - 8Episodic MemoryThe declarative memory of specific events or personal experiences. Episodic memories often include details of time, place & the pscychological & physiological state of the person when the event occured
- 9Semantic MemoryThe declarative memory of information we have about the world. It includes our specialised knowledge in area of expertise or the academic knowledge of the kind learned in school.
-involve facts that do not depend on a particular place or time but are simply facts - 10Semantic Network Theory (Alan Collins & Ross Quillian 1969)-each concept is called a node & is linked with a number ofother nodes
-When we retrieve info, the activation of one node causes other related nodes to be activated also
-LTM memory begins with someone searching a particular region of memory and then tracing associations for links among memories in that region - 11Semantic Network Theory (Elizabeth Loftus - Spreading Activation)Proposes that one node during retrieval increases the likelihood that associated nodes become activated.
-The shorter the link the stronger the association between them & the less time it takes to activate related concepts & vise versa. - 12Serial Position EffectA finding that free recall is better for items at the end and begining of the list than for items in the middleof the list.
-the result is a U shaped curve - 13Primacy EffectDescribes superior recall of items at the beginning of the list
- 14Central ExecutiveControls attention; integrates information from the phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad, as well as information retrieved from LTM; and cooordinates the flow of information between the wprking memory system and LTM
- 15Cause Of The Serial Position EffectBecause of the differences between STM and LTM
-The last few items are remembered best because they are still in STM, the first few because they received more attention & rehearsal than other items & therefore transferred to LTM. Items around the middle of a list are presented too late to be adequately rehearsed & transferred to LTM and too early to be held in STM, without rehearsal, so they are more likely to be forgotten - 16Neural Basis Of MemoryMemories are stored throughout the brain & linked together through neural tracts or pathways consisting of interconnected neurons
- 17Consolidation TheoryProposes that structual, or 'physical', changes to the neurons in the brain occur when something new is being learned, and immediately following learning
-If memory formation is disrupted during the consolidation phase, info may not be embedded in LTM & will thereforebe lost
-hippocampus & medial temporal lobe play an important role in consolidation - 18ReconsolidationProposes that after memory is activated & retrieved from LTM, it needs to be consolidated again in order to be stored back in LTM
- 19Role of the Hippocampus-Crucial role in forming or encoding new declarative memories
-The hippocampus does not store long-term mempries, instead it transfers it to other cortical areas for long term sorage
-Important for spatial memory
-Links emotion & memory - 20Role Of The Amygdala-Plays crucial roles in processing & regulating emotional reactions, particularly strong emotions such as fear & anger
-Damage shows reduced ability to acquire conditioned emotional responses & to interpret or express a variety of emotions - 21Flashbulb MemoryA vivid and highly detailed memory of the circumstances in which someone first learns of a very surprising significant or emotionally arousing event
-The level of emotional arousal at the time of encoding influences the strength of the long term memory formed of that event. This is because of the increased amount of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine at the amygdala during times of heightened emotional arousal - 22Role of Axons, Dendrites, Synapses & Neurotransmitters In Memory FormationAn increase in the amount of the neurotransmitter produced & released by neurons
-Neurons are interconnected by extensions, or 'branches', at either end called axons (which send the message) & dendrites (which recieve the message)
-A synapse is the small space between the axon of one neuron & the dendrite of another & neurons communicate by sending neurotransmitters across these synapses
-When a memory is formed, new synaptic connections form, this has the effect of further strengthening the connections between neurons - 23AmnesiaUsed to refer to loss of memory, either partial or complete, temporary or permanent
- 24Neurodegenerative DiseaseA disease characterised by a progressive decline in the structure, activity and function of brain tissue
- 25Alzheimer's DiseaseAn age-related neurodegenerative disease linked to damaged neurons, resulting in memory failure and loss as well as a range of other problems
- 26Effects Of Ageing On Long-Term MemorySome LTM types are more likely to be affected by age than others.
-Lack of motivation
-As people get older they tend to lose confidence in their memory
-The inability of some older people to access info from LTM may be more to do with the kind of measur eof retention used than with age
THE SLOWING OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTIONING - 27Short Term MemoryIs a memory system with a limited storage capacity in which information is stored for a relatively short period of time
-the info in STM is encoded
-STM holds all info you are consciously aware of - 28EncodingThe process of convertign information into a useable form or code so that it can enter & be stored in memory
- 29StorageThe retention of information over time
- 30RetrievalThe process of locating and recovering the stored information from memory so that we are consciously aware of it
- 31The Atkinson-Sciffrin Multi-store ModelRepresents memory as consisting of three distinguishable components called the sensory register, the short-term store & the long-term store. Each component represents a place where info is held & processed
- 32Atkinson-Shiffrin Sensory RegisterThe entry point for all new information into memory from the external environment
-Stores vast quantities of info for up to several hundred milliseconds
-Any info that is attended to gets sent to the short-term store, if not it decays & disappears - 33Atkinson-Shiffrin Short-term StoreA 'temporary working memory' in which we manipulate information that is held to perform everyday functions
-Holds all info we are consciously aware of
-Limited capacity, able to hold around 7 items at a time
-Info can only be held for 30 seconds unless a conscious effort is made to keep it longer - 34Atkinson-Shiffrin Long-term StoreHolds information relatively permanently in a highly organised way and having an essentially unlimited capacity
- 35Atkinson-Shiffrin Structual FeaturesThe permanent, built-in fixed features of memory that do not vary from one situation to another
- 36Atkinson-Shiffrin Control ProcessesAre selected & used by each individual and may vary across different situations. The are under the conscious control of the individual.
(attention & rehearsal) - 37Sensory MemoryThe entry point of memory where new incoming sensory information is stored for a very brief period of time.
-retained as an exact copy in its raw form
-store vast amounts
-unlimited storage capacity
-stores sensory impressions long enough for each impression to slightly overlap the next, thus we perceive the world as continuous
-When we direct our attention to it, we transfer it to STM - 38Iconic MemoryUsed to describe visual sensory memory; that is the brief sensory memory for incoming visual information
-retain for 1/3 of a second
-Duration 0.2-0.4 seconds - 39Echoic MemoryDescribes auditory sensory memory
-stores 3-4 seconds - 40MemoryThe storage & retrieval of information through learning
- 41Duration of STMUp to 30 seconds
- 42Capacity of STMBetween 5 and 9 bits of info at any ne time
7 +- 2 - 43STM As Working MemoryUsed to emphasise the active part of memory where information we are consciously aware of is actively 'worked on' in a variety of ways
- 44Chunking InformationIs the grouping, or 'packing' of separate bits of information into a larger single unit or chunk of information
- 45RehearsalThe process of consciously manipulating information to keep it in STM, to transfer it to LTM or to aid storage and retrieval
- 46Maintenance RehearsalInvolves repeating the information being remembered over and over again so that the information can be retained in STM
- 47Elaborative RehearsalThe process of linking new information in a meaningful way with other new information or information already stored in LTM to aid in its storage and retrieval from LTM
- 48Self-Reference EffectWhen we relate new information to personal experiences and our personal situation in some way, we are more likely to remember it
- 49Craig And Lockhart's Levels Of Processing FrameworkProposes that the level at which we process information during learning determines how well it is stored in LTM
-information will be retained only briefly if it is processed at a shallow level, but retained longer if it is processed at a deeper level - 50Baddeley and Hitch's Model Of Working Memory Phonological LoopTemporarily stores a limited amount of verbal speech-like information, such as the sounds of words for a brief period of time
- 51Visuo-Spatial SketchpadTemporarily stores a limited amount of visual and spatial information for a brief period of time
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- Fichas sobre Untitled_6, creado por zoelward el 31/05/2013.
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