Module 25

Pregunta	Respuesta
Cognition	All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Concept	A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Prototype	A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).
Algorithm	A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics.
Heuristic	A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.
Insight	A sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
Confirmation Bias	A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
Mental Set	A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
Intuition	An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.
Availability Heuristic	Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
Overconfidence	The tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
Belief Perseverance	Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
Framing	The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
Creativity	The ability to produce new and valuable ideas.
Convergent Thinking	Narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.
Divergent Thinking	Expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions.
Expertise	Well-developed knowledge—furnishes the ideas, images, and phrases we use as mental building blocks.
Imaginative Thinking Skills	Provide the ability to see things in novel ways, to recognize patterns, and to make connections.
A Venturesome Personality	Seeks new experiences, tolerates ambiguity and risk, and perseveres in overcoming obstacles.
Intrinsic Motivation	The quality of being driven more by interest, satisfaction, and challenge than by external pressures.
A Creative Environment	Sparks, supports, and refines creative ideas.
Fixation	Inability to view problems from a new angle; focuses thinking but hinders creative problem solving.

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