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psychology - forensics
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- 1Outline one biological explanation for criminal behaviourLombroso suggested criminals are lacking in evolutionary development. they're a genetic throwback to a primitive species which means they're bio diff from non criminals. He saw these offenders as savage and would find it impossible to adjust to society's law.
He claimed they can be distinguished by their atavistic features, through past postmortems on criminals, that showed facial and cranial features which showed their lack of evolutionary development.
he categorised types of criminal based on their facial features eg murderer curly hair, fraudster thin lips - 2Outline one genetic and neural explanation for criminal behaviourgenetic exps suggested that there are genes or a combination of genes which predispose them to commit crime
Raine- reviewed research on crim behaviour of MZ and DZ twins. 52% concordance for MZ 21% concordance for DZ
Tiihonen - looking for a candidate gene. genetic analysis of 900 finnish offenders. behaviour could be due to 2 genes which are liked to aggression
MAOA - controls dopamine serotonin in the brain
CDH13 - linked to substance abuse
more recent thinking is on epigenetics - a crim gene can be switched on by envion factors. without the trigger the gene may never be switched on
Neural exp - how brain structure maybe diff in crims
most neural evidence is from those who had antisocial personality disorder
pre frontal coretx - murders and violent have a reduced functioning. lowered activity is associated with loss of control
limbic system - abnormal asymmetries linked to motivation
serotonin - low levels = aggression
noradrenalin - high levels linked to fight or flight leads to aggresstion - 3Outline one psychological explanation for criminal behaviourEysenck developed a theory about personality based on the idea that all character traits can be represented along 2 dimensions. The dimensions combine to form a variety of personality traits. he later added a 3rd dimension.
all personality traits have an innate biological basis due to the nervous system we inherit
Extraverts - underactive NS, enjoys risk taking, dont learn from their mistakes
Neurotics - high level of reactivity if the sympathetic nervous system, jumpy which makes behaviour hard to predict
crim personality = high extraversion+high neuroticism+ high psychoticism - 4Outline one cognitive explanation for criminal behavioursuggests that there are certain ways of thinking which influence criminal behaviour
a cognitive distortion is an error or bias caused by faulty thinking. 2 eg of cog distorstions
1. hostile attribution theory- when someone always thinks the worst, they assume an action is aimed towards them negatively
2. minimalisation- an offender may under exaggerate the consequences of their actions as a way of reducing guilt eg a wealthy family wont miss some jewellery as they can easily replace it
level of moral reasoning
decisions of what is right or wrong can be placed into stages. most common is conventional level (sticking to rules)
criminals are at pre conventional they only commit a crime if the reward outweighs the punishment - 5Outline psychodynamic explanationspsychodynamic explanations are from Freud but Blackburn applied it to crim behaviour. Freud said personality is made up of the id (pleasure prin), ego (comprises the two) and superego (eletra and oedipus complex when child identifies with the same parent). Blackburn said the superego is inadequate and the id has free reign so an uncontrolled if will lead to crim behaviour
Absent SE - child hasnt identified with the same sex parent - leads to anti soc behav
Deviant- same deviant morals as same sex parent - doesnt associate crim behav with guilt
Overharsh- Identifies strongly with an overly strict parent - commits crime to get caught so punishment reduces guilt
Bowlby - if a child dosent have a continuous loving relationship with a mother during the critical period they will suffest affectionless psychopathy which leads to a lack of guilt and feelings for others and the inability to form a lasting relaionship in adulthood. affectionless psychopathy leads to delinquency
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- Fichas sobre psychology - forensics , creado por Laura Denby el 10/03/2018.
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- Laura Denby
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