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international migration
Fichas del conjunto (24)
- 1what is an asylum seeker?a person who has fled their country of origin & applies for asylum under 1951 convention as they cannot return to their country in fear of death/persecution
- 2what is a refugee?a person feeling civil war / natural disaster but not necessarily fearing persecution as defined by 1951 Refugee Convention
- legally an asylum seeker whose application has been successful - 3what is an economic migrant?a person who has voluntarily left their country of origin to seek, by lawful/unlawful means, employment in another country
- 4what are push factors?reasons based at origin of migration & initiate migrant's desire to move
(negative factors about the place) - 5what are pull factors?based at intended destination of migrant and are reasons which attract people (positive factors about the place)
- 6what are examples of push factors?forcing factors:
- war, conflict, political instability
- ethnic & religious persecution (<40000 a day are forced to leave their homes due to conflict & persecution)
- natural & man-made disasters, e.g. earthquakes, drought, famines
socio-economic conditions:
- unemployment, low wages or poor working conditions
- shortage of food - 7what are examples of pull factors?associated with voluntary migration:
- better quality of life, standard of living
- varied employment opportunities, higher wages
- better healthcare & access to education services
- political stability, more freedom
- better life prospects
for retirees:
- specific type of environment with range of services to cater for needs - 8what does Lee's push-pull model of migration show?- for people to move their need to be 'pushed' from origin & 'pulled' to another
- majority of migrants are voluntary movers for largely economic reasons
- negative factors at origin are push factors & @ destination are pull factors
- migrant has to evaluate these factors & obstacles before they move
- intervening obstacles = travel costs, family pressures, language barriers, border controls - 9what are the benefits of international migration?- migrants can access new opportunities
- destination receives additional skills & labour
- origin country receives remittances, many relatives increasingly rely on - 10what are the costs of international migration- richer countries gain @ expense of poorer countries who lose their most talented people
- migrants to richer countries increase consumption levels to match the unsustainable levels of their adopted country which puts more pressure on global resources - 11what are the social implications on the origin country?- reduced pressure on healthcare
- reduced pressure on education
- loss of traditional culture
- break-up of family units
- break-up of communities
- may lose qualified workers, e.g. doctors, nurses & teachers - 12what are the social implications for the host countries?- cultural advantages of new foods, music, fashion, etc - cultural diversity
- pressure on maternal & infant healthcare
- pressure on school (especially primary)
- young male migrants create social problems
- can give rise to ethnic & racial tensions
- increase in crime
- segregation of migrants into certain areas - 13what are the economic implications on origin country?- migrant workers may send some of their income back home, remittances
- highly skilled people leave, shortage of people qualified for high-skilled jobs > brain drain
- migrants develop new skills which they can bring back home - 14what are the economic implications on the host country?- expansion of the workforce can fill jobs that aren't by the native population & help economy to grow
- provide cheap labour who work longer
- spend money in the economy & taxes
- increases size of workforce , can provide economic boom & multiplier effect
- pressure on jobs - 15what are the political implications on the origin country?- in countries which are losing their skilled workforce, govs may try to discourage workers from leaving or encourage migration into the country
- might introduce pro-natal policies - 16what are the political implications on the host country?- some govs introduce policies to reduce immigration when theres a concern that too many people are entering
- potential for a rise in extremist organisations, if natives feel threatened, e.g. UKIP - 17what are the environmental implications on the origin country?- if population declines, environment may improve due to reduced resource exploitation & farming
- buildings & farmland could be abandoned & may be fewer resources & less funding for environmental management - 18what are the environmental implications on the host country?- more houses, infrastructure & resources are required to cope with influx of people, green spaces built on & resource extraction can cause environmental damage & pollution
- may be larger amounts of waste to dispose of > pollution of air, ground & water - 19migration causes a fairly ... impact on size & structure of population- immediate
(natural change tends to have a more gradual, long-term effect) - 20what are the demographic implications on the origin country?- large-scale migration causes population decline
- can lead to an ageing population as working-age leave (unbalanced population structure)
- males more likely to leave creating gender imbalance, e.g. United Arab Emirates shows large protrusion of males of working-age 20-49 - 21what are the demographic implications on the host country?- large numbers of immigrants cause population growth
- can balance population structure if ageing population, reduce dependency
- increase in birth rate due to influx of people at child-bearing age, has happened in UK - 22how has migration impacted disease transmission?- increased migration across disparate regions, e.g. transmission of diseases globally & in countries receiving migrants
e.g. incidence of TB in UK has gradually increased since 80s, especially in london cases rose by 50% between 1999-2009 > increase in migration - 23impact on health services?- can put pressure on health system
- in UK research shown that economic migrants pose disproportionately small burden on health services (young, healthy, employed)
- BUT some place greater demands on parts of health service - social deprivation
- mixed evidence on health behaviours & lifestyles of migrants & impact of these on demand for services - 24health impacts during migration?- refugees & asylum seekers display greater prevalence of illness > trauma, abuse, injury, deprivation & exposure
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- GCSE (population and environment) Geography Fichas sobre international migration, creado por serena norman thomas el 03/04/2018.
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- serena norman thomas
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