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issues associated with interdependence
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- 1globalisation enables workers to move more freely around the world - the main flows are, predictably what ?from developing countries towards wealthier regions
- 2what are some of the positive effects of the labour movement ?- reduced unemployment - people can seek work else where
- reduces geographical inequality between workers
- addresses important skill and labour shortages
- workers return to their country of origin with new skills and new ideas
- remittance payments can create economic growth - 3what are some of the negative effects of labour movement ?- countries find it difficult to retain their best talent - attracted away by higher wages = brain drain
- loss of skilled workers causes training gap
- outsourcing of production from high wage to low wage economies cause unemployment in more developed countries
- with greater movement of labour there is a greater risk of disease pandemics
- migrant workers sometimes made to work in dangerous conditions = exploitation - 4OUTSOURCING: this is largely one directional - taking manufacturing or service jobs from high wage economies of Europe and America and having them ??undertaken by sub-contracting organisation in a lower wage economy i.e. china
- 5OUTSOURCING: outsourcing provides jobs and investment in one country but often takes them away from another country - what are the consequences of outsourcing for the original country ?- loss of jobs = knock-on effect in communities, especially where one large employer has outsourced. unemployment means there is less spending in the local economy - DE-MULTIPLIER EFFECT
- de-industrialisation = closure of manufacturing companies because of outsourcing eventually leads to the closure of local suppliers
- structural unemployment - the skill set of local workers is no longer compatible as the jobs they trained for have now moved abroad. they are often ill equipped - 6globalisation should increase prosperity for all and make the planet more equal in terms of income and distribution - there are two measures of inequality to consider what are these ?- the difference between richer countries and LICs and whether the difference between the two is increasing or decreasing
- inequality in incomes that exists within each country and how this is being affected by globalisaiton - 7indicators suggest that globalisation is reducing global inequality through the transfer of capital and income from richer to poorer economies - paradoxically it is also doing what ?it may be increasing inequality within countries as richer members of societies cope better with the changes in jobs and technology
- 8as communication and transport increase the integration of economies, developing countries are closing the gap with their rich world counterparts - the fastest growing economies continue to be where ?in asia
- 9what are the benefits of flows of money ?- improvements in living standards
- improvements in infrastructure
- remittances = economic growth - 10what are the disadvantages of unequal flows of capital ?- foreign aid can create dependency - FDI can force out local businesses
- foreign aid can find its way to armed groups / terrorist groups
- companies may pressure govs of less developed countries to pass laws that make it cheaper to invest there - 11the measure usually used to indicate levels of inequality of income distribution within a country is what ?the gini index
- 12on the gini index the 45 degree line represents what ?an equal distribution of income so the further the curve is away from the line - the more unequal the distribution
- 13an index score of 1 means what ?a country's entire income goes to one person
- 14the level of inequality varies widely around the world - developing economies usually are more unequal that rich ones - within many developing countries the gini index shows what ?that inequality has worsened
- 15the unequal flows of money, ideas and technology have created what ?unequal power relations between countries
- 16developed or emerging countries with a lot of money and technology are able to drive global systems to their own advantage - these countries have control over what ?over the global economy and political events
- 17GEOPOLITICAL ISSUES: one of the arguments for globalisation is that it will lead to what ?greater political stability
- 18GEOPOLITICAL ISSUES: though there are many causes of conflict and shortages of food, water and energy resources brought about by global growth may lead to conflict between nations in some regions - some may feel a sense of what ?injustice or ideological opposition to the richer nations driving the process = may give rise to conflict within countries and rapid communications can spread this conflict = ARAB SPRING
- 19trade can also be used as a weapon in conflict either between nations or between trade blocs - in 2006 the UN security council imposed trade sanctions against iran why ?because of its refusal to suspend its uranium enrichment nuclear programme
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- (global systems and governance) Geography - human Fichas sobre issues associated with interdependence , creado por niamh bergin el 20/05/2018.
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- niamh bergin
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