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Caregiver-Infant Interactions and Attachment Studies
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- 1caregiver-infant interactionsinteraction-babies have frequent and important interactions with their caregivers
reciprocity- mothers respond to infant alertness
from 3 months close attention between mother and infant
interactional synchrony- interactions become co-ordinated
Isabella et al: quality of attachments related to synchrony - 2caregiver-infant interactions evaluationhard to know what is happening- observe simple gesture and expression, and assume infant's intentions
controlled observation- capture fine detail of interactions
purpose of synchrony and reciprocity- Feldman: just observations, purpose not entirely understood - 3Schaffer and Emerson studyaims- to investigate the age of attachment formation and who attachments are formed with
method- mothers of 60 Glasgow babies reported montly on seperation
findings- most babies showed attachment to a primary caregiver by 32 weeks and developed multiple attachments soon after this - 4S+E evaluationgood external validity- observations were in participants natural environments
longitudinal design- same Ps were observed at each age, eliminating individual differences as a confound - 5stages of attachmentAsocial stage- little observable social behaviour
Indiscriminate attachment- more observable attachment behaviour, accept cuddles from any adult
specific attachments- stranger anxiety and separation anxiety in regard in one particular adult
multiple- attachment behaviour directed towards more than one adult - 6stages evaluationasocial stage- social behaviour is hard to observe in the first few weeks but this doesn't mean the baby is 'asocial'
conflicting evidence- van ijendoorn et al: research in different contexts has found multiple attachments may appear first - 7Lorenz's researchprocedure- goslings saw Lorenz when they hatched
findings- newly hatched chicks attach to the first moving object they see (imprinting)
sexual imprinting- adult birds try to mate with whatever species or object they imprint on - 8Lorenz evaluationgeneralisability- birds and mammals have different attachment systems so Lorenz results may not be relevant to humans
some observations questioned- guiton et al: birds imprinting on rubber gloves did later prefer their own species - 9harlows researchprocedure- baby monkeys given cloth or wire 'mother' with feeding bottle attached
findings- monkeys clung to cloth surrogate rather than wire one, regardless of which dispensed milk
maternally deprived monkeys- grew up socially dysfunctional
the critical period- after 90 days attachment wouldn't form - 10harlows evaluationtheoretical value- demonstrated that attachment depends more on contact comfort than feeding
practical value- howe: informs understanding of risk factors for child abuse - 11learning theoryclassical conditioning- caregiver (NS) associated with food (UCS)
caregiver becomes conditioned stimulus
operant condition- crying behaviour reinforced positively for infant and negatively for caregiver
attachment as a secondary drive through association with hunger - 12learning theory evaluationanimal studies- Lorenz and harlows showed that feeding is not the key to attachment
human research- Schaffer and Emerson: most primary attachment figures were the mother even when others did most feeding
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- Fichas sobre Sin título, creado por holly newell el 21/05/2018.
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- holly newell · may 2018
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- 21 may 2018
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