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Section A Hazards
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- 1What is a natural hazard?Natural Hazard is a natural process which could cause death,injury,or disruption to humans or destroy properties and possession
- 2Name the 2 different natural hazards and name examples for eachGeological Hazards
-Caused by lands and tectonics
-E.g Volcanoes,earthquakes and avalanches
Meteorological Hazards
-Caused by weather and climate
E.g tropical storm
-Extreme weather e.g heatwave,cold spells - 3What are the factors of natural hazard?Vulnerability
-More people in exposed areas greater probability of being effected
Capacity to cope
-Better a population can cope lower the threat
Nature Of Natural Hazard
-Type
-Frequency of a natural hazard
-Magnitude - 4What are the layers of the Earth?-Core solid inner and liquid outer made of iron and nickel
-Mantle made of semi-molten rock moves very slowly
-Outer layer is crust
-Crust divided into slabs called tectonic plates - 5Name two types of plates and why do they move?-Continental crust is thicker (30-50 km) and less dense
-Oceanic crust is thinner (5-10 km) and more dense
-Plates move because of convection currents in the mantle - 6What is a destructive plate margin?-Two plates move towards each other
Oceanic meets continental
-Oceanic forced down into the mantle and destroyed
-Often creates volcanoes and ocean trenches
-Two continental plates meet, the ground is folded and forced upwards creating mountain ranges - 7What is a constructive plate margin?-Two plates move away from each other
-Magma (Molten rock) rises from mantle to full the gap
-Magma cools creates new crust - 8What is a conservative plate margin?-Two plates are moving sideways past each other or moving in the same direction but at different speeds
-Crust is not created or destroyed - 9Describe a Volcano-Found at destructive and constructive plate margins
-Oceanic plate moves down, pool of magma forms and rises through cracks in the crust called vents, magma erupts onto surface forming volcano
-Constructive margins magma rises into gap created by plates moving away
-Can form over parts of the mantle that are really hot (hotspots)
-Erupts emits lava and gases
-Some emit lots of ash which can cover land,block out sun and form pyroclastic flows (superheated currents of gas,ash,and rocks) - 10Describe a Earthquake-Caused by tension builds up in all 3 types of plate margins
-Destructive tension builds when one plate is stuck as it moves down
-Constructive tension builds along cracks within the plates as move away
-Conservative tension builds when plates grind and one gets stuck
-Plates eventually jerk past causing shock waves
-Shock waves spread out from the focus (start of earthquake)
-Epicentre is point of earth surface above the focus
-Measured in moment magnitude scale
-Scale measures amount of energy released
-Scale is logarithmic
-Below magnitude 6 minor damage
-Magnitude 7 and above major damage and deaths - 11List primary effects of earthquake-Buildings and bridges collapse and homes destroyed
-People are injured or killed by collapsing buildings or falling debris
-Roads,railways,ports and airports are damaged
-Electricity cables,gas,water piper and communications networks are damaged,cutting off supplies - 12List secondary effects of earthquake-Can trigger landslides and tsunamis the destroy more buildings and cause more injuries and deaths
-Leaking gas can be ignited starting fires
-People are left homeless and could die
-There's a shortage of clean water and a lack of proper sanitation easier for disease to spread
-Due to blocked or destroyed roads, aids and emergency vehicles can't get through and trade is difficult
-Businesses are damaged or destroyed causing unemployment and lost income and tourists can be put off visiting the area
-Repairs and reconstruction can be very expensive and weaken country's economy - 13List primary effects of volcanoes-Buildings and roads are destroyed by lava flows and pyroclastic flows buildings may also collapse if enough ash falls on them
-People and animals are killed or injured by lava flows and pyroclastic flows, and falling rocks
-Crops are damaged and water supplies are contaminated when ash falls on them
-People,animals and plants are suffocated by volcanic gases - 14List secondary effects of volcanoes-Mudflows and landslides cause more destruction,death and injury
-Flooding caused by hot rock,ash and gas melting ice and snow on the volcano.
-Rock and ash can clog up rivers and dams making flooding worse
-Transport networks are blocked or destroyed so aid and emergency vehicles can't get through and trade is difficult
-People are left homeless, damaged or destroyed business cause unemployment and loss of income
-Tourism can be disrupted straight after an eruption but increase afterwards with tourists interested in seeing volcanoes
-Ash makes fields more fertile once its broken down
-Recovering after an eruption can take a very long time and cost a huge amount of money weakening the country's economy - 15List immediate response of earthquake-Rescue people trapped by collapsed buildings and treat injured people
-Recover dead bodies to prevent spread of disease
-Put out fires
-Set up a temporary shelter for whose homes have been damaged or destroyed
-Provide temporary supplies of water food electricity gas and communications system if regular supplies have been damaged
-Foreign governments or charities may send aid workers supplies equipment or financial donations to the areas effect
-Tech companies may set up disaster response tools allowing damage to be recorded and people to confirm their safety - 16List long term response of earthquake-Re-house people who lost their homes
-Repair or rebuild damaged buildings, roads,railways and bridges
-Reconnect broken electricity water gas and communications connection
-If necessary improve building regulations so that buildings are more resistant to damage from earthquakes
-Set up initiatives to help economic recovery - 17List immediate response of volcanoes-Evacuate people as soon as possible
-Provide food drink and shelter for evacuated people
-Treat the injured
-Rescue anyone cut off by damage to roads or bridges
-Provide temporary supplies of electricity, gas and communications system
-Foreign governments or charities may send aid workers supplies equipment or financial donations to the areas effect
-Tech companies may set up disaster response tools allowing damage to be recorded and people to confirm their safety - 18List long term response of volcanoes-Repair and rebuild if possible
-Repair and reconnect infrastructure
-Improve repair and update monitoring and evacuation plans
-Boost the economy if possible
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- GCSE Geography Fichas sobre Section A Hazards, creado por Swift Law el 11/09/2018.
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