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computing
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- 1Embedded SystemAn embedded system is a computer system within a larger system that has a different function to the larger system.
- 2Von Neumann ArchitectureThe actual design of the CPU
- 3MAR (Memory Address Register)The MAR stores the information about where the data that the user has saved is being stored, so if they want to access it again, the MAR tells the computer where it is.
- 4MDR (Memory Data Register)It’s where the data is stored for long term use. This is where the information is retrieved from so the user can see it.
- 5Program CounterIt is the system that counts how many processes are being executed at that specific time.
- 6AccumulatorIt’s the thing that stores the power that a computer can use.
- 7ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)A digital circuit used to perform arithmetic and logic operations. The fundamental building block of the CPU. It’s the maths-y bit of the computer.
- 8CPU“The role of the CPU is to fetch, decode and execute instructions”
- 9CU (Control Unit)Also called CPU memory, it’s a type of RAM that a computer microprocessor can access quicker than regular RAM
- 10BusesThe internal data bus, connects all the internal components of a computer, such as CPU and memory, to the motherboard. The internal bus, also known as internal data bus, memory bus, system bus or Front-Side-Bus, connects all the internal components of a computer, such as CPU and memory, to the motherboard
- 11ProcessorIt Processes Data
Carries out instructions (Executes Them)
Processors have a Clock speed measured in Hertz (number of Cycles Per Second) - 12Processor speedMeasured in Hertz (Hz)
Typical Speeds have spanned across MHz and GHz
1GHz Processor executes 1 Billion Instructions per second - 13Processor coresEach processor has a “core” in which instructions are executed.
Processors can be multi-core
Each core executes instructions independently - 14Cache sizeProcessors have “Cache” – This is very fast, and usually a small amount of memory on the processor chip
The Cache acts as an intermediary between the processor and the Main Memory
As programs are executing – the Cache holds commonly used instructions - 15PerformanceClock Speed: Doubling the clock speed will double the number of instructions executed per second
Cores: Quadrupling the number of cores may quadruple the number of instructions executed per second
Cache Size: Increasing the cache size will reduce the number of memory to disk transfers and thus may speed up processing of these instructions - 16RAM – Random Access MemoryHolds Data and Instructions that are currently in use by the processor
Located on the Motherboard
Directly Accessible by the processor
All data/instructions are lost once power is turned off - 17ROM – Read Only MemoryInstructions are permanently ‘etched’ onto a ROM Chip
When power is turned off – instructions still remain on the ROM chip.
Bootstrap Loader is held in ROM
Gives the instructions to start up the Operating System
BIOS stored here - 18Input/Output ControllersThese are used to allow an interface between a hardware device external to the motherboard (e.g. a Keyboard) and the Processor itself.
I/O controllers are used for:
Keyboard, Mouse, Disk Drive, VDU - 19System BusesA bus is a set of parallel wires connecting two or more independent components of a computer system in order to pass signals between them.
The System is split into three separate busses:
The data bus
The address bus
The control bus - 20Address BusesCarries addresses from the Processor to main memory or other I/O devices
It is one direction (Unidirectional)
The processor generates an address
All data/Instructions are returned on the Data Bus - 21Data BusCarries Data/Instructions from Main Memory to the Processor (or from other secondary storage devices) to the processor.
Bi-Directional (two way)
Data can be read/written - 22Control BusControl signals are sent along the control bus
E.g. Memory Read, Memory Write
This instructs which was data will be travelling to/from memory. - 23PeripheralsPeripherals are any devices that are not directly connected to the CPU
E.g. mouse, keyboard, printer, hard disk drive, cd-rom drive
These devices are known as I/O devices (Input/Output Devices) - 24Secondary StorageUsed for long term storage of data and instructions
Hard Disk Drive
Solid State Drive
Optical
Magnetic - 25Hard Disk Drivemain storage, stores operating system, applications software, files such as documents. Very fast data access. No real disadvantages. magnetic
- 26Solid State Drivefaster than HDD, either open or closed, same as HDD for applications, lighter, less durable, lower power consumption, no noise or heat.
- 27Opticalstores binary data, CD-ROM, reflective surface, some areas reflect laser light, represent 1/0. Portable, unusable if scratched/ finger printed, memory capacity not great.
- 28Magneticstores binary data , magnetic surface
- 29What to consider with Secondary storageCharacteristics
Speed
Portability
Durability
Reliability
Cost - 30LANA Local area network is a network used to share information between devices in a local area e.g. a building or a household A router can connect two LAN’s together.
- 31WANWide Area Network, it’s like a LAN but for large areas like across buildings, cities, countries or the world
- 32MANlarger than a LAN, smaller than a WAN
- 33SANIt’s like a storage network thingy. A LAN just for storage.
- 34PANa network thingy used for data tranmittingness between things like computers and keyboards and mice or a phone and headphones, iPad and printer (using Bluetooth or a cable NOT WIFI), etc. Used within a very short distance, no WiFi used.
- 35IP AddressIt’s a string of separated numbers which identifies where a computer is in the network. Webpage IP addresses change but mac addresses never do.
- 36Sequence numberHow big the file is and where it came from
- 37Web Hosting ServiceA service that means people can upload their websites to the world wide web which is a WAN
IE: SLM Hosting, Hosting GO - 38The CloudIt’s a type of storing information online on a network. The storage place is owned by hosting company people.The service allows the users to store files online, so that they can access them from any location via the Internet.
- 39ProtocolRules to say what/how you can and can’t transfer data between electronic devices.
- 40Failovera procedure by which a system automatically transfers control to a duplicate system when it detects a fault or failure.
- 41LosslessA file where the information isn’t lost so the files are larger but are of a better quality
- 42LossySome of the data is lost so the computer estimates some of the information, it doesn’t have as good a quality but the files are smaller and can be uploaded and shared faster
- 43To convert Denary to Binaryyou work the other way round so say it was 100, you’d go along the line, 128 doesn’t go into 100 so put a 0, 64 does go into 100 so put a 1 and subtract it off, 32 does go into 36 etc. …
- 44To add binary1+0= 0, 1+1= 10 (so place 0 carry the 1) and 0+0= 0
- 45Overflow errorSay you added 2 8-bit binary numbers and they ended up having 9 bits, it would be an overflow error.
- 46Gates
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- Fichas sobre computing, creado por Lissa Hackett el 12/09/2018.
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- Lissa Hackett
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